1. American Regionalism, Realism, and Naturalism 1860-1920(ish)

2. What is Realism? A faithful representation of reality in literature Emphasis on development of believable characters Written in dialect Prominent from 1860-1890

3. ONE WAY TO LOOK AT IT “A literary civil war raged on between the camps of the romantics and the realists and later, the naturalists. People waged verbal battles over the ways that fictional characters were presented in relation to their external world” (Penrose 1).romantics realists naturalists

4. How Characters are viewed... (Penrose 2) GenreAmerican Author Perceived the individual as... RomanticsRalph Waldo Emerson a god RealistsHenry James William Dean Howells Mark Twain simply a person NaturalistsStephen Crane Frank Norris a helpless object

5. Realist Writers Mark Twain William Dean Howells Henry James Edgar Lee Masters

6. Why did Realism develop? The Civil War The urbanization and industrialization of America As a reaction to Romanticism, goes back to the ways of the end of the Early Colonial period Much like the Age of Reason Increasing rates of democracy and literacy The emerging middle class

7. What is Regionalism? Often called “local color” Focuses on characters, dialect, customs, topography, and other features specific to a certain region (eg. the South) Coincided with Realism and sharing many of the same traits Prominent from 1865-1895.

8. Regionalist Writers Kate Chopin— South Mary E. Wilkins- Freeman—New England Mark Twain—West Willa Cather— Midwest

9. Why did Regionalism develop? Dual influence of Romanticism and Realism The Civil War and the building of a national identity An outgrowth of realism with more focus on a particular setting and its influence over characters

10. What is Naturalism? Applied scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to the study of human beings Influenced by Darwinism (natural selection) and psychology (Freud) Men were governed by heredity and environment. Often depict man in conflict with nature, society, or himself Prominent from 1880-1920(ish)

11. Naturalist Writers Stephen Crane Ambrose Bierce Jack London Edwin Arlington Robinson Katherine Anne Porter Charlotte Perkins Gilman Edith Wharton

12. Why did Naturalism develop? The swell of immigrants in the latter half of the 19 th century, which led to a larger lower class and increased poverty in the cities The prominence of psychology and the theories of Sigmund Freud Pessimism in the wake of the Civil War and Reconstruction Publication of Charles Darwin’s Origin of the Species

13. Examples of Realist Writing The factory workers of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle Kate Chopin's views of marriage and women's roles Ambrose Bierce’s story of a father and son-- “A Horseman in the Sky” Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper

14. Points to Remember… Realism, Regionalism, and Naturalism are intertwined and connected. Their influence has dominated most literature created since 1920, though the movement itself is dated to roughly that point. They are truly American modes of writing.