1. The world leader in serving science Principles of Operation

2. 2 Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis, What is it?  Elemental Analysis Technique  Bulk Analysis Method Penetrating Technology  Non-Destructive Analysis Tool

3. 3 The PGNAA Process  Neutron source 252 Cf emits neutrons.  Thermal neutrons are absorbed and cause gamma ray emissions  Each element reacts differently  When the gamma ray strikes the NaI crystal a photon of light is emitted.  Gamma ray detection system converts counts into an energy spectrum  High speed digital electronics and sophisticated software convert the spectra into elemental composition

4. 4 PGNAA Detection Pulse Processor (DSP) Electronics enclosure PreAmp DetectorPMT Detector Assembly A/D Converter OpCon Data Processing

5. 5 Typical PGNAA Gamma Ray Spectrum for Coal 0100200300400500600 Channel Counts

6. 6 Method of Spectral Analysis × 1× 0.25× 1× 2 +++ SSiFe C The measured spectrum

7. 7 Parameters Measured PGNAA measurements S Ash Moisture Heating Value Ash Constituents SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 3 O 4 CaO TiO 2 K 2 O Na 2 O Cl

8. 8 Calibration is critical to good performance  Thermo uses high purity chemicals to calibrate the analyzers in the factory before they are shipped to the field. This is critical as it insures that there are no correlations between elements in the calibration. This is not possible to do if calibration is done in the field with coals. The value of the factory calibration is that the analyzer will perform properly with any mixture of coal seams.  The calibration uses every element normally seen in coal. With out information on all the elemental data, the result would be less accuracy.

9. 9 How are the analysis calculated?  PGNAA measures the weight (in kg) of the elements of interest in the sample. (S, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, K & Ti)  The elemental weight of the ash oxide elements are converted to the weight of the oxides in the ash. Eg. Ca + ½ O 2 → CaO therefore 1kg Ca = 1.39919kg CaO  The kg are then each divided by the analyzed sample weight to get the % weights.  The percent as received ash is then calculated AR Ash = (sum of six oxides)/(1 - % other as a percentage of ash) Other is the sum of SO 3 + MgO + Na 2 O + P 2 O 5 + Undetermined In situations where the Na 2 O content is great enough (0.20% of coal), it is used in the ash calculation above.

10. 10 Calibration Ranges UltimateRange S0-6% C30-80% H3-8.5% N0.4-1.7% Cl0-0.5% Moisture*0-35% Ash**3-38.5% Ash OxidesRange % Coal SiO 2 0-21% Al 2 O 3 0-16% Fe 2 O 3 0-6.5% CaO 0-16% K2OK2O 0-1.1% TiO 2 0-1.0% Na 2 O 0-1.0% * Moisture is determined from Moisture Gauge ** Ash is determined from the sum of ash oxides No correlations exist between components

11. 11 Moisture Measurement  Thermo uses microwave moisture gauges to measure the free moisture in the coal.  Total moisture is the sum of the free moisture plus the bound moisture for the coal being analyzed.  Moisture measurements are needed to: Determine the dry analysis values (PGNAA measures as received) To calculate the heat content of the coal To calculate the emissions potential as a function of heat content

12. 12 CV and emission calculations  CV is calculated based on the moisture ash free CV (MAF CV) of the coals being analyzed.  Lbs SO 2 /million Btu (in USA)  Or any empirical formula the customer uses to measure performance.

13. 13 Information on Coal input by the customer  The following coal parameters need to be input by the customer. Other Ash oxides MAF CV Bound Moisture  COBOS Thermo’s coal blending software package will weight average these values to allow the correct constants to be applied to the analysis results.

14. 14 Analysis differences between PGNAA and Dual-gamma analysis technologies Dual-gamma ash gauge Measures average Atomic Number Detector Am & either Ba or Cs Source PGNAA much less affected by composition differences within the cross-sectional profile of coal on the conveyor PGNAA elemental gauge Measures Elements that make up the ash Cf Source NaI Detector neutrons gamma rays