1. 1 Reported policies and measures; Agriculture Heikki Granholm Programme Officer UNFCCC MIS Programme

2. 2 Overview Emission trends in agriculture sector Portfolio of reported PAMs PAMs with wider policy objectives PAMs targeting specific activities Research-based PAMs PAMs having negative impact Additional findings

3. 3 Emission trends in agriculture sector In 2000 agriculture represented 7 % of all emissions compared to 8 % in 1990, but total emissions from agriculture have increased by 1% from 1990 to 2000[Note 8% decrease among 39 Parties] –From 1990 to 2000; 17 % increase in ESP, 8 % in USA and 3 % in CAN –From 1990 to 2000; more then 10% decrease in AUT, CZE, EST, FIN, JPN, LVA, POL, SVK –Further reductions expected in AUT, FRA, FIN, HRV, POL, but increases expected in CAN, CZE, NOR, NZL, USA

4. 4 Portfolio of reported PAMs About 40 PAMs included; half already implemented, about a third adopted and remaining planned Most PAM impact both N 2 O and CH 4 emissions, some impact also CO 2 sequestration

5. 5 PAMs with wider policy objectives Commonly reported, aiming to reduce harmful environmental impacts and to promote sustainability (integration) –E.g. Common Agriculture Policy (EU), ecological or agriculture (AUT, BEL, EST, CHE), rural development (BEL), environment stewardship initiative (CAN) Difficulties in quantifying GHG impacts (direct and indirect)

6. 6 PAMs targeting specific activities More focussed, easier to quantify GHG impacts Addressing nitrate pollution and N 2 O emissions from applications of nitrate fertilizer and animal manure to agriculture soils; –E.g. Manure action plan (BEL), EC nitrates directive (EU), agriculture environment support (FIN), soil emissions and taxation of N-production (FRA), animal waste management and use of fertilizer (NZL), nutrient management (USA)

7. 7 Addressing CH 4 emissions from enteric fermentation in livestock; reduction of livestock numbers and intensifying farming practices (BEL, SVK, FRA, NZL). Promotion of sequestration including afforestation and conservation programmes on surplus agricultural lands [LUCF sector] (CAN, CZE, ESP) Reduction of CO 2 emissions, including promotion of biomass as renewable energy (AUT, SWE)

8. 8 Research-based PAMs –Could be research activities in general, with specific objectives or focussing on methods E.g. Reduce N 2 O from soils and fertilizer use (CAN), reduce CH 4 emissions from enteric fermentation through fodder management and introduction of enteric bacteria, increased understanding of dynamics and monitoring of GHGs –Have a potential to provide new technologies and identify new policies.

9. 9 PAMs that have negative impacts Agriculture intensification will likely increase CH 4 emissions from manure management (NZL) and N 2 O from fertilizer use (CAN) Production of nitrogenous fertilizers is also very energy intensive (CAN) GHG impact of increased agriculture productivity depends on national circumstances

10. 10 Additional findings Only a little information how impacts of PAMs are monitored Estimates of effects of PAMs were largely based on macroeconomic predictions of economic activity, livestock numbers and fertilizer use Uncertainties in N 2 O and CH 4 estimates