1. 1 Stimmelmayr ALASKA UME Onsite Coordinator US-CAN, 2012 The 2011 Alaska Northern Pinniped Unusual Mortality Event: A case study for Cross-Border Disease Surveillance and Baseline Marine Mammal Health Research R. Stimmelmayr 1, S. Raverty 2, T. Rowles 3, J. Garlich-Miller 4 1 North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management, Barrow, USA; 2 WGMMUME Animal Health Center, British Columbia MAFF, Abbotsford, Canada; 3 National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources, 4 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services, Marine Mammals Management, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA Alaska Email: raphaela.stimmelmayr@north-slope.org

2. The “New” Arctic Stimmelmayr ALASKA UME Onsite Coordinator US-CAN, 2012 2 Arctic marine food webs are under immense pressure climate change global pollution gas-oil exploration and production commercial fisheries and shipping Complex spatial-temporal shifts in ecology and subsequently epidemiological constraints. The ecosystem is changing. Altered disease dynamics, and new hosts are a likely result. Continuing trend until “new “ Equilibriums are reached Expansion of infectious disease investigations and wildlife health biomedical baseline studies, concurrent to already established ecological/biological research, and subsistence foods contaminant-monitoring programs are therefore needed.

3. Ulcerative Dermatitis Disease Syndrome In 2011 (summer/fall) a “new” ulcerative dermatitis disease syndrome of unknown etiology was observed in ice seals in Northern Alaska. Stimmelmayr ALASKA UME Onsite Coordinator US-CAN, 2012 3

4. Ulcerative Dermatitis Disease Syndrome Ringed seals were primarily affected, but the disease was observed in spotted, bearded, and ribbon seals, but differences exist in clinical presentation. A similar skin condition has been observed in Pacific walruses at a haul-out in Alaska (Point Lay) and one in Chukotka, Russia. Stimmelmayr ALASKA UME Onsite Coordinator US-CAN, 2012 4 Ringed seal Range

5. Arctic KEY SPECIES Stimmelmayr ALASKA UME Onsite Coordinator US-CAN, 2012 5 Ice seals and Pacific walruses are key species within the Arctic and essential subsistence resources for Native communities throughout the Arctic. Food safety and security are integral components of this emerging Arctic marine mammal disease.

6. Ulcerative Dermatitis Disease Syndrome The disease is characterized by a variety of skin lesions (ulcers/erosion) with body site specific distribution (eyes; snout; hind flippers; tail, trunk) for ice seals and a more generalized distribution for Pacific walruses. Stimmelmayr ALASKA UME Onsite Coordinator US-CAN, 2012 6

7. Cohorts: All age groups and both sexes were affected. Morbidity and mortality: disease burden and rates are unknown. NOTE: animals appear to be able to recover but more data needed Zoonotic Risk: No apparent animal-human transmission Stimmelmayr ALASKA UME Onsite Coordinator US-CAN, 2012 7

8. What Do We Know ? Ulcerative Dermatitis Disease Syndrome Etiology and Epidemiology: Ulcerative dermatitis is an emerging disease of unknown etiology in ice seals, not observed prior to 2011. Geographic Range: Reports of a similar condition in ringed seals have come from Chukotka (Russia), NWT Canada, and northern Japan. Timing: The majority of cases were observed during the ice free period (June - October). Stimmelmayr ALASKA UME Onsite Coordinator US-CAN, 2012 8

9. The ongoing disease investigation is a process of elimination of factors Stimmelmayr ALASKA UME Onsite Coordinator US-CAN, 2012 9

10. Current State of Knowledge No evidence that common viruses (e.g., seal pox, herpes, calici virus etc.) or avian influenza virus are involved. Possibly “new” viruses involved? Analyses are still pending. No single bacterium (or assemblages) have emerged consistently as being the primarily responsible candidate (s). Stimmelmayr ALASKA UME Onsite Coordinator US-CAN, 2012 10

11. Current State of Knowledge Algae toxins (domoic acid and saxotoxin) have been at very low levels or below detection level. Cyanotoxin testing for microcystins and nodularin from green blue algae blooms is being explored. Contaminants testing is near completion and results of levels of organic chemicals and radionuclides (cesium 134/137 from the Fukushima nuclear accident) are currently being reviewed. Also testing of levels of thyroid and cortisol (stress) hormones and vitamins (A, B, E). Both hormones and these vitamins are important regulators in the seasonal molting process of ice seals and in maintaining normal skin barrier function. Stimmelmayr ALASKA UME Onsite Coordinator US-CAN, 2012 11

12. Current State of Knowledge Ecosystem investigations: working with many oceanographers to compile ocean data, ice seal and walrus food resources from 2011 and 2012 for the affected regions to compare it with previous years. Available data does suggest that 2011 was more or less typical of the “new” Arctic normal, with continued retreating sea ice, warmer ocean waters, ice algae blooms, jellyfish abundance, and more unpredictable weather patterns. Stimmelmayr ALASKA UME Onsite Coordinator US-CAN, 2012 12

13. Single or Multi year Disease Event? Spring seal harvests mostly indicated healthy and normal seals, Low numbers of stranding events on the North Slope from both beach surveys, and aerial surveys (USCG and ADF&G) No new reports from Chukotka, NWT, Japan The disease event may have come to an end as we have no evidence of new cases. Final conclusion needs additional monitoring during the fall and early winter. Hunters and community members need to remain vigilant and continue to report “sick” or abnormal seal and walrus sightings. Stimmelmayr ALASKA UME Onsite Coordinator US-CAN, 2012 13

14. “EYE of the Beholder” ALASKA UME : Opportunities, Challenges, Constraints Stimmelmayr ALASKA UME Onsite Coordinator US-CAN, 2012 Marine Mammals and Communities: – Multiple species; (USFWS/NOAA) – ESA listing pending for Ice seals and walrus; – Trans-boundary movement (Russia; Alaska, Canada, Japan ) – Mixed marine based Subsistence economy & Food Sharing – Arctic Logistics –infrastructure –climate dynamics etc – Hunter/community based disease surveillance system in place – Co-management approach to UME investigation – Integration and Application of Traditional ecological knowledge & Hunter Expertise – Collaboration – tribal-state-federal- provinces- international 14

15. Building an Arctic Marine Mammal Health Alert and Response Team Trans-boundary collaboration on marine mammal health assessment Identify and fill ecological-physiological- health knowledge gaps of Ice seals and walruses Co-management approach Strengthen and Integrate Hunter-based health surveillance and TEK in health monitoring efforts Sharing of Data, Results, and Vision for a future with sustainable subsistence Maintain Arctic Communities ability to engage in subsistence activities to provide safe, sufficient and nutritious native foods. Stimmelmayr ALASKA UME Onsite Coordinator US-CAN, 2012 15