1. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 The ChemCollective Virtual Lab and Other Online Materials David Yaron, Michael Karabinos, Jordi Cuadros, Emma Rehm, William McCue, David H. Dennis, Donovan Lange, Rea Freeland Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University Gaea Leinhardt, Karen Evans Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh

2. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 The ChemCollective Build community around a specific educational goal –Digital Libraries can combine expertise through remote and asynchronous collaboration –Digital Libraries can support an iterative development process Ways to participate –Use activities and give feedback –Participate in assessment studies –Modify and create activities –Discussions around activities and topics

3. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Outline New modes of practice –Virtual labs –Scenario based learning Alignment: What should we teach? –Whole curriculum: High school chemistry –Within topics: University chemistry Online support for problem solving Assessment of ChemCollective activities Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center (PSLC)

4. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Learning challenges and interventions Promoting flexibility and applicability –From mathematical procedures to chemical phenomena ( use in chemistry ) Virtual laboratory – From chemical phenomena to real world ( transfer to real world ) Scenario based learning Promoting coherence –“Big picture” of chemistry

5. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Use in chemistry: Virtual laboratory Flexible simulation of aqueous chemistry New mode of interaction with chemical concepts Ability to “see” inside a solution removes one level of indirection in chemical problem solving

6. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 How is the virtual lab used? Delivery –From www.chemcollective.org –From CD-ROM –Install on your local computer system Classroom uses –During recitation –As take-home work –Pre- and post-labs –Lab make-ups

7. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 A survey of Virtual lab problems Current topic list –Molarity - Stoichiometry –Quantitative analysis - Chemical equilibrium –Solubility - Thermochemistry –Acids and bases Problem types –Predict and check –Virtual experiment Puzzle problems (open-ended and inquiry based experiments) –Layered problems

8. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Predict and Check Students use the virtual lab to check the results of a pencil- and-paper calculation or qualitative prediction Potential benefits –Encourages students to see connection between calculations/qualitative predictions and an experimental procedure –Observations indicate that the shift from paper and pencil to lab activity can challenge students –Students can make use of intermediate results in locating errors

9. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Predict and Check Traditional calculation Thermochemistry/Coffee: Calculate the amount of 10 0 C milk that must be added to 250ml of 95 o C coffee to lower its temperature to 90 o C. Check your answer in the virtual lab. As part of design activity Thermochemistry/Camping 3: Using the virtual lab, create two solutions, initially at 25°C, that, when mixed together in equal volumes, cause the temperature of the mixture to increase from 25°C to 60°C Can be done as predict and check, but is often done in iterative process with some predict and check steps

10. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Virtual Experiments Students who could perform the textbook procedure had difficulty designing the experiment, and needed help from a human tutor. –The procedure is not triggered in response to relevant prompt –The Virtual Lab format requires students to beyond a strategy of matching words to equations Typical textbook problem “When 10ml of 1M A was mixed with 10ml of 1M B, the temperature went up by 10 degrees. What is the heat of the reaction between A and B?” Virtual Lab problem Thermochemistry/Camping 1: “Construct an experiment to measure the heat of reaction between A and B?” Students generate and interpret data in the chemistry virtual lab program

11. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Puzzle Problems Stoichiometry/Oracle 1 and 2 : Given four substances A, B, C, and D that are known to react in some weird and mysterious way (an oracle relayed this information to you within a dream), design and perform virtual lab experiments to determine the reaction between these substances, including the stoichiometric coefficients. You will find 1.00M solutions of each of these chemical reagents in the stockroom.

12. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Oracle Problem Observations Intent was to give practice with determining reaction coefficients A + 2B  3C + D Observation When A is mixed with B, some A remains so the reaction must be: A + B  C + D + A Reveals misunderstanding of limiting reagent concept (even though they could easily perform textbook limiting reagent problems)

13. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Layered Problems A set of activities involving the same chemical system, but modeling the system with varying levels of complexity and approximation. The approximations can either be removed or invoked Encourage students to reflect on relations between different problem types

14. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Layered Problems Acid Mine Drainage Scenario treats river at three levels –As distilled water at room temperature –As distilled water with seasonally-varying temperature –As a buffered solution For all three models, student discuss factors influencing amount of Fe precipitated in the river bed See http://www.chemcollective.org/AMD/http://www.chemcollective.org/AMD/

15. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Authoring a virtual lab activity Add chemical species and reactions (if desired) –Can create “fictional” proteins, drugs etc. Create Stockroom Solutions Specify available functionality –Viewers For example, turn off “Solution Contents” for exercises involving unknowns –Transfer mode Precise vs. realistic HTML problem description can be included

16. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Transfer to real world: Scenarios Scenario based learning –Embed the procedural knowledge of the course in a scenario that highlights its utility –Scenarios that touch down at various points in the course may promote coherence Motivated a study of alignment between: –What we teach in high school chemistry –What informed citizens need to know about chemistry

17. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Traditional course structure CA state standards –Standard 1 Atomic and Molecular Structure –Standard 2 Chemical Bonds –Standard 3 Conservation of Matter and Stoichiometry –Standard 4 Gases and Their Properties –Standard 5 Acids and Bases –Standard 6 Solutions –Standard 7 Chemical Thermodynamics –Standard 8 Reaction Rates –Standard 9 Chemical Equilibrium –Standard 10 Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry –Standard 11 Nuclear Processes Chemistry AP exam guide’s are similarly structured around chemistry topic list

18. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Domain analysis Evidence of the domain as practiced –Nobel prizes for past 50 years –NY Times Science Times for 2002 –Scientific American News Bites for 2002 Evidence of the domain as taught –CA state content standards –Best selling textbooks

19. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Domain map: The big picture EXPLAIN ANALYZESYNTHESIZE Hypothesis Generation Hypothesis Testing Goal (What do you want to know?) Process (How to determine what you have) Functional Motifs Structural Motifs Assembly Motifs TOOLBOX Representational Systems Quantification Systems

20. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Comparison Domain as practiced –Scientific literature spread equally between these three subdomains Domain as taught –Textbooks and standards found only in Toolbox and Analyze subdomain

21. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Full domain map

22. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Domain map as basis for course design Guide development of scenarios –Ensure distribution at both upper and lower levels Mediate conversation between traditional and reformed course –Encourage students to reflect on how the course concepts fit into chemistry as a domain

23. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Scenarios: Examples Mixed reception (molecular weight, stoichiometry) Cyanine dyes binding to DNA (equilibrium, Beer’s law) Meals read-to-eat (thermochemistry) Mission to mars (redox, thermochemistry) Arsenic poisoning of wells in Bangladesh (stoichiometry, titration, analytical spectroscopy) Ozone destruction (kinetics)

24. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Stoichiometry review course As in Bangladesh groundwater –Measurement of As concentration –Remediation –Challenges facing modern analytical chemistry http://www.cmu.edu/oli

25. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Mixed Reception

26. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Middle school through high school: Big Concepts Structure –Relation to properties Functional groups Emergent properties (bonding pattern  molecular interactions -  3 d structure) Transformation –Physical transformations and chemical reactions Energy and motion –Heat –Molecular motion Organizing materials: water, gold and plastic

27. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Within topic alignment: Acid base chemistry Traditional textbook –Definition of pH –Strong acids –Weak acid dissociation equilibrium: calculate pH of a weak acid –Titrations –Buffers Use in later courses (organic chemistry, biology) –Big idea: Will a labile proton be present on a molecule? Compare pH to pK a –Use a buffer to control pH, so you can control the “big idea”

28. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Support for problem solving Based on hourglass view of problem solving Initial problem analysis and selection of procedure Implementation of computation or procedure Reflection on problem solving efforts Structured dialogues, reflective prompts Templated feedback, pseudotutors

29. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Templated feedback hintsAnalysis of student response for common error types

30. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Pseudotutors

31. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Fading Determine target PH Determine target [A - ]/[HA] Construct solution with target [A - ]/[HA] FS Path 1 Path 2 Path 3 Schematic representation of scaffolding for design of a buffer solution. Ovals represent episodes (pseudotutors or templated feedback). Support is added/faded by switching paths. Determine solutions and volumes mixed.

32. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Support for problem solving Based on hourglass view of problem solving Initial problem analysis and selection of procedure Implementation of computation or procedure Reflection on problem solving efforts Structured dialogues, reflective prompts PseudotutorsPseudotutors, templated feedback

33. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Problem analysis Current approach leaves this as “implicit knowledge” Structured dialogue for heat exchange –What is the source of the heat? How do you describe that effect: (q=m C v D T, q=n D H,..) –What is the drain of the heat? How do you describe that effect: (q=m C v D T, q=n D H,..) Observations on heat exchange –Most students have difficulty with above questions if heat is coming form a chemical reaction.

34. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Implicit knowedge in equilibrium and acid-base chemistry General strategy –Determine majority species first –Then determine minority species Key skill for which students do not get sufficient practice –Given a solution (1 M HCl, 0.5M NaOCH 3 ), what are the majority and minority species.

35. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Results from other domains Geometry –Sub-goal structure of proofs was implicit knowledge (Anderson, Koedinger, Greeno..) Statistics –Students could carry out statistical analysis procedures, but could not select appropriate procedures (Lovett)

36. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Student opinion data Student surveys (data is % response) –Attitude towards virtual lab correlates strongly with confidence measures (R 2= 0.82) –Confidence does not correlate to performance (R 2 =0.01) Not helpfulhelpful Lectures0103340 Reading8342510 Textbook problems1033257 Graded HW573437 Vlab10182825 Recitation2163034

37. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Assessment Study at Carnegie Mellon –Second semester intro course, 150 students Information used –Pretest –9 homework activities –3 hour exams –2 pop exams (practice exam given 5 days before hour exam) –Final exam

38. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Correlations Pre Test Home-workPop ExamExamFinal Pre test 1.00 Home work 0.031.00 Pop Exam 0.50 0.151.00 Exam 0.320.430.51 1.00 Final 0.23 0.580.370.59 1.00

39. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Structural equation model PT EX 1 H1H1 H2H2 H3H3 EX 2 PEX 2 PEX 3 C-ACH

40. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center (PSLC) Chemistry is one of seven domain “Learnlabs” –Bring learning scientists and educators together to perform well controlled studies in real classrooms Questions of interest to the chemistry Learnlab –What is the best balance of worked examples and problem solving? –Relative benefits and dangers of virtual vs. real labs? –Relative benefits of explicit instruction versus discovery, especially of strategies? Actively soliciting instructors for studies in 2006

41. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Carnegie Mellon Michael Karabinos William McCue David H. Dennis Jodi Davenport Donovan Lange D. Jeff Milton Jordi Cuadros Rea Freeland Emma Rehm Tim Palucka Jef Guarent Amani Ahmed Giancarlo Dozzi Katie Chang Erin Fried Jason Chalecki Greg Hamlin Brendt Thomas Stephen Ulrich Jason McKesson Aaron Rockoff Jon Sung Jean Vettel Rohith Ashok Joshua Horan LRDC, University of Pittsburgh Gaea Leinhardt Karen Evans Baohui Zhang Thanks To Funding NSF: CCLI, NSDL, SLC William and Flora Hewlett Foundation Howard Hughes Medical Institute Dreyfus Foundation

42. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Stoichiometry review course Basic tools of stoichiometry –Significant figures –Unit conversions, including Avogadro’s number –Molecular weight/ molar mass –Composition stoichiometry –Solution concentration Empirical formula Reaction stoichiometry –Stoichiometric conversion and percent yield –Limiting reagents –Titration –Analysis of mixtures

43. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Pseudotutors

44. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Fictitious chemicals Protein-drug binding –Add 3 species: Protein, Drug, Protein:Drug –Add reaction: Protein + Drug  Protein:Drug Thermodynamic properties Protein + Drug  Protein:Drug  H f o 00  H S 0 00  S Determine  H and  S from K at two different temperatures

45. The Chemistry Collective http://www.chemcollective.org Duke 2005 Fictitious chemicals Add a new acid –Add 2 species: HA, A - –Add reaction: HA  H + + A - Thermodynamic properties HA  H + + A -  H f o  H (H + )  H (H + )  H S 0 S o (H + ) S o (H + )  S Determine  H and  S from K at two different temperatures We also have a “Chemical Database Management System” that will generate thermodynamic data from a list of K’s etc.