1. Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo Pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.) TREEBREEDEX S EMINAR ON “G ENETIC VARIABILITY AND ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL OF TEMPERATE AND BOREAL FOREST TREE SPECIES ” Luis Santos del Blanco Eduardo Notivol Paíno José Mª Climent Maldonado Bucharest, Romania 23-25 February 2010 SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT Research Institute F.P.U. Program AP-2007-03302 University of Valladolid

2. Recent and future climatic changes  Western mediterranean basin for the next century:  3-4ºC increase in mean annual temperature  Up to 50% less rainfall in summer  In the present  Increased frecuency of large-scale fires Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

3. It is necessary to increase forest resilience  Forest management  Tree breeding Thompson, I., Mackey, B., McNulty, S., Mosseler, A. (2009).

4. Mediterranean pines  Early successional stages life history traits  Severe soil and climatic conditions main characters in afforestation Picture by E. buscardo et al., 2009 Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

5. Pinus halepensis  Well adapted to dry and poor soils  Adapted to crown fires (stand-replacing fires)  Serotinous cones  Early (femenine) reproduction  Invasiveness  Dispersal hability  Early (femenine) reproduction Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

6. Pinus halepensis  Low (neutral) genetic diversity within Iberian Peninsula  E-W historical colonization Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.) Distribution map of Aleppo pine Pinus halepensis EUFORGEN 2009

7. Pinus halepensis Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.) Differences in adaptive traits Drought resistance (Voltas et al. 2007, Grivet et al. 2009) Reproductive allocation (Climent et al. 2008)

8. Reproductive allocation and costs of reproduction  Principle of Allocation  If resources are limited, two or more processes compete for them  Negative correlation between investment in one process (allocation) respect to other/s costs  Allocation strategies are evolutionary meaningful (adaptive) and are linked with life history traits Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

9. Previous works in conifer breeding 60’s – 80’s Schmidtling, 1981 Silvae Genetica Reproductive allocation and costs of reproduction Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.) H. Gerhold, 1966

11. Previous works in conifer breeding 60’s – 80’s Practical interest in mediterranean pines. Resilience Schmidtling, 1981 Silvae Genetica Reproductive allocation and costs of reproduction Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.) H. Gerhold, 1966

12. Questions to answer  Is there intraspecific variability in Pinus halepensis in terms of reproductive allocation? (yes, Climent et al. 2008)  How can we explain those differences/ lack of differences (ecology/evolution)?  How can we use this information to increase forest resilience? Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

13. Valladolid Provenance-progeny Saragossa Provenance-progeny Castellón Provenance trial Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

14. Looking for (genetically inherited) variation  Reproduction along development  I. Early stages: threshold size for reproduction  II. Secondary stages: reproductive allocation Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

15. Threshold size for reproduction Logistic regression Reproduction f (vol) Reproduction probability Volume Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

16.  Investment in cones / nutrient availability   RA= (CC0 + CC1) / Volume Reproductive allocation Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

17. Reproductive allocation volume cone count Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

18. Reproductive allocation volume cone count Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

19. Reproductive allocation 2005 Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

20. Reproductive allocation Provenance # 183 2005 Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

21. Reproductive allocation Provenance # 183 Provenance # 11 2005 Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

22. Reproductive allocation Provenance # 183 Provenance # 11 Provenance # 161 2005 Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

23. Reproductive allocation Provenance # 183 Provenance # 11 Provenance # 161 Provenance # 303 2005 Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

24. Reproductive allocation 2009 Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

25. Reproductive allocation Provenance # 183 2009 Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

26. Reproductive allocation Provenance # 183 Provenance # 11 2009 Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

27. Reproductive allocation Provenance # 183 Provenance # 11 Provenance # 161 2009 Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

28. Reproductive allocation Provenance # 183 Provenance # 11 Provenance # 161 Provenance # 303 2009 Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

29. Reproductive allocation Cc = (48,0630+u)(0,1 Vob) e [-1,1479+v](0,1 xVob) Ratkovsky Climent et al. 2008 Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

30. Reproductive allocation Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

31. Reproductive allocation Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

32. Reproductive allocation Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

33.  ‘Classic tools’ for new perspectives  Quantitative genetics for new challenges (objectives) Genetic variability & Adaptive potential HEIGHTCONES/d 2

36. Population differentiation (Qst) in V

37. Genetic correlations  Use for indirect selection predict correlated response  Develop selection indices to select for multiple traits sim.  Determine extend GxE to develop breeding strategies  Understand evolutionary process of traits

38. Corrs. Phen. Gen. P= G + E + GxE + e

39. Conclusions  There exist evolutionary constraints between reproduction and growth  For Aleppo pine, reproduction is more adaptive than total growth  Natural selection finely shapes reproductive strategies  Local conditions  Climatic clines  Recent historical colonization Gómez et al. 2005 Genetic variation for the onset of reproduction and reproductive allocation in Spanish Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.)

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41. c, b, m, t10, t90 & dur Growth, but how?

42. 17 1 6 18 9 10 14 15 3 17 18 1 3 9 6 10 14 15

43. Results  Very accurately fitting (error<3%)  Population effect significant for t10, t90 & dur  But not for c, b, m  PCA 1&2 absorbed 90% variation, but not clear grouping of populations (not very different?)  CVa: Additive coefficient of variance as adaptive potential index

44. Canonical Discriminant (c, b, m, t10, t90 & dur) Multivariate analysis: Geographical grouping? 17 1 6 18 9 10 14 15 3 17 18 1 3 9 6 10 14 15

45. Mean CVa

48. Thnkx tbdx