1. Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium (Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids) Green/Damji: 17.1 Chang: Chapter 11 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Evaporation Greatest Order Least Order 11.8 Condensation Focus on Evaporation and Condensation Write an equation for the equilibrium between liquid water and its vapor: Is evaporation an endothermic or exothermic process?

3. Before Evaporation At Equilibrium 11.8

4. The equilibrium vapor pressure is the vapor pressure measured when a dynamic equilibrium exists between condensation and evaporation H 2 O (l) H 2 O (g) Rate of condensation Rate of evaporation = Dynamic Equilibrium 11.8

5. Factors affecting the vapor pressure SURFACE AREA increasing surface area only means equilibrium is reached faster TEMPERATURE

6. 11.8 T 2 > T 1 What is the name of this diagram? Why is it important?

7. 11.8 Vapor Pressure Versus Temperature Patterns? Why?

8. Enthalpy of vaporization (  H vap ) is the energy required to vaporize 1 mole of a liquid at its boiling point. Enthalpy of vaporization : physical process (phase change) as ______________________: chemical reaction 11.8

9. The relationship between vapor pressure and temperature can be expressed mathematically – NOT req’d by IB ln P = -  H vap RT + C Clausius-Clapeyron Equation P = (equilibrium) vapor pressure T = temperature (K) R = gas constant (8.314 J/K mol) 11.8 Vapor Pressure Versus Temperature C = integration constant

10. 11.8 Heating Curve Why are there plateaus on this graph?

11. The boiling point is the temperature at which the (equilibrium) vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure. The normal boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid boils when the external pressure is 1 atm. 11.8

12. What are the three primary intermolecular forces? List in order of increasing strength.

13. The boiling point and enthalpy of vaporization are influenced by intermolecular forces… CompoundEnthalpy of vaporization in kJ mol -1 Boiling Point in K Intermolecular Forces methane CH 4 9.0109 methoxy methane CH 3 OCH 3 27.2248 ethanol CH 3 CH 2 OH 38.6352

14. State the relationship between intermolecular forces and enthalpy of vaporization. State the relationship between intermolecular forces and boiling point.

16. A phase diagram summarizes the conditions at which a substance exists as a solid, liquid, or gas. Phase Diagram of Water 11.9

17. Effect of Increase in Pressure on the Melting Point of Ice and the Boiling Point of Water

18. Textwork 17.1 Read 17.1 on pp 192-193 Address each of the learning objectives on p. 192 by taking notes that directly relate to the objectives. Due on __________________