1. Conjugate Acids and Bases The species that remains after a Brønsted-Lowry acid has given up a proton is the conjugate base of that acid. Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions acid conjugate base

2. Conjugate Acids and Bases, continued Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reactions involve two acid-base pairs, known a conjugate acid-base pairs. Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions acid 1 base 2 base 1 acid 2

3. Neutralization Reactions Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions

4. Conjugate Acids and Bases, continued Strength of Conjugate Acids and Bases The stronger an acid is, the weaker its conjugate base The stronger a base is, the weaker its conjugate acid Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions strong acid base acid weak base

5. Conjugate Acids and Bases, continued Strength of Conjugate Acids and Bases, continued Proton transfer reactions favor the production of the weaker acid and the weaker base. Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions stronger acid stronger base weaker acid weaker base The reaction to the right is more favorable weaker acid weaker base stronger acid stronger base The reaction to the left is more favorable

6. Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Chapter 14 Conjugated Acids and Bases Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions

7. Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases

8. Amphoteric Compounds Any species that can react as either an acid or a base is described as amphoteric. example: water water can act as a base Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions acid 1 base 2 acid 2 base 1 water can act as an acid base 1 acid 2 acid 1 base 2

9. Amphoteric Compounds, continued –OH in a Molecule The covalently bonded IOH group in an acid is referred to as a hydroxyl group. Molecular compounds containing —OH groups can be acidic or amphoteric. The behavior of a compound is affected by the number of oxygen atoms bonded to the atom connected to the —OH group. Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions

10. Oxyacids of Chlorine Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions

11. Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Chapter 14 Amphoterism Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions

12. Neutralization Reactions Strong Acid-Strong Base Neutralization In aqueous solutions, neutralization is the reaction of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions to form water molecules. A salt is an ionic compound composed of a cation from a base and an anion from an acid. Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions

13. Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Chapter 14 Neutralization Reaction Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions

14. Acid Rain NO, NO 2, CO 2, SO 2, and SO 3 gases from industrial processes can dissolve in atmospheric water to produce acidic solutions. Chapter 14 Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions example: Very acidic rain is known as acid rain. Acid rain can erode statues and affect ecosystems.

15. Visual Concepts Acid Precipitation Chapter 14

16. Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Chapter 14 Chemical Weathering Section 3 Acid-Base Reactions