1. Europe in 1650 Overview of Politics and Society

2. Political Map of Europe in 1650

3. Holy Roman Empire in 1650

4. Crises of the 17 th Century War Plague Famine

5. Thirty Years War: 1618-1648 Defenestration of Prague Causes: –Religious –Political –Confused General Devastation in central Europe

6. Treaty of Westphalia: 1648 Rulers in each of the states within the Holy Roman Empire independent of Emperor HRE a loose confederation of 352 states Recognition that different religions can co- exist within the Empire

7. Effects of Thirty Years War German states of central Europe fragmented for more than 200 years Population of central Europe decimated: In 1600, approximately 20 million people –By 1648, only 13 million –By 1700, still only 14 million

8. English Civil War: 1641-1648 Struggle between Royal forces (Cavaliers) and Parliamentary forces (Roundheads) Issues: –Religion –Royal authority –Taxation War ended with trial and execution of King Charles I in 1649

9. Fronde in France: 1650s Rebellious groups of nobles attacked royal strongholds, trying to capture child King Louis XIV Issues: –Religion –Royal Authority –Taxation Revolt fizzled, largely because nobles were not united

10. Plague Epidemics of plague ravaged Europe 1649-1654: Mediterranean region 1657: Southern Italy 1665: London and southern Englan 1675-1685: Spain 1720: France

11. Bubonic Plague or ‘Black Death’ Bubonic plague from bite of an infected flea: –enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes (around arm pits, neck and groin). –headaches, nausea, aching joints, fever of 101-105 degrees, vomiting, and a general feeling of illness –1-7 days to appear –mortality rate was 30-75%

12. Pneumonic Plague Second most common form of early modern plague Spread through droplets from coughs Infected the lungs Slimy sputum tinted with blood, becoming progressively worse & bright red Mortality rate: 90-95%

16. Causes of Plague Poor sanitation Overcrowding, especially in cities No understanding of disease and its causes Bubonic Plague spread by fleas carried by brown rat Often half population died Famine often preceded or followed plague

17. Famine: Why? 85% of population lived directly dependent on the land for survival Low yield: 4:1 ratio needed for prosperity Little or no fertilizer—2/5 of land left fallow each year Climate colder and wetter during 17 th century: seeds sometimes rotted in ground

18. Results of Famine In rural areas, lack of food to survive winter and plant next year In towns and cities, rising prices created hardship for poor and even ‘middling’ folk Poor transportation networks made movement of food difficult Example: Weavers of Beauvais