1. Demographics and Related Issues

2. Studying Population Demographics Population Geography
Is a term for the study of human population dynamics and how they change. It looks at changes that occur in large groups of people over a period of time (i.e. population characteristics). Demographics include looking at the following statistics: birth rate, death rate, immigration, age, income, sex, education, occupation, religion, nationality, etc. and how these changing patterns may affect a nation’s economy, relations with other countries, etc.
Population Geography
The study of SPATIAL variations in the distribution, composition, migration, and growth of populations over time.

3. Demographics We will be looking at Demographic related issues through:
Studying the history of Population
Demographic Transition and the connections to Developed and Developing nations today
Population Growth and Overpopulation
Population Pyramids
Immigration

4. Studying Population
Population changes over time will inevitably affect….
Political Systems
Economics
Social Structures
Environments
For example…

5. Studying Population
Billions
Developing countries
Developed countries
TASK: Write a statement describing what the graph above illustrates. Then, read Chapter 4 (p. 46 to 57) and answer Q. # 1to 4, 5.b and 6
Source: United Nations Populations Division, World Population Prospects, The 2004 Revision, medium variant.

6. Studying Population
Factors that may lead to population increase include:
Access to Food
Access to Health Care
Economic Growth
Migration
Replacement Fertility Rate of more than 2.1

7. Studying Population
Factors that contribute to the decline in death rate include:
Better Nutrition
Better Access to Medical Care
Improved Sanitation
Better Immunization

8. Unfortunately Effects of Population Increase Can Also Lead to:
Studying Population
Unfortunately Effects of Population Increase Can Also Lead to:
Increased poverty
Resource depletion
Medicine shortages
Urban sprawl

9. Studying Population
A specific pattern of population growth has occurred in many developed nations during the past 60 years.
Baby Boom
Births
Baby Echo
Generation Y
Generation X
1945
1965
1985
2005
2025

10. Studying Population
Factors that may lead to population decline (decrease)
Heavy Emigration
Disease
Famine
War
Low (Sub) Replacement Fertility
a fertility rate that is not high enough to replace an area’s population.
Sub-replacement fertility rate is 2.1 children per woman or lower.

11. Studying Population Population Decline in the past
The Black Death (The Bubonic Plague)
Other Old World Diseases (Smallpox, Measles)
Potato Famine
Population Decline today
Sub-replacement Fertility Levels
Migration
Natural Disasters (Tsunamis, Earthquakes, Famine, etc.)

12. Studying Population IMPACTS of Population Decline:
Deflation in the economy
Rise in the standard of living
Population aging
Less impact on the environment
Political power? Could go either way!

13. Studying Population What causes a low sub-replacement fertility rate?
Urbanization (people moving to cities have smaller families compared to those whose lives are based on agriculture in rural areas)
Contraception
Government Policies (i.e. China)
Exception: United States where natural increase rates have remained stable…
And within the US, incredible regional variations

14. United States: The Exception Amongst Developed Countries!
Comparison of rates of pregnancy per 1000 females aged 15–19 years in Canada, England and Wales, and the United States
Country
Canada
England & Wales
United States

15. Studying Population
60-81
50-59
40-49
30-39
20-29

16. Studying Population Average Number of Children per Woman
Source: PRB, 2005 World Population Data Sheet.

17. Studying Population
In the developed countries, there are fewer and fewer young people and more and more elderly.
Millions
Age
Males
Females
Source: United Nations Populations Division, World Population Prospects, The 2004 Revision.

18. Studying Population
The young population of the developing countries translates to great growth potential.
Age
Males
Females
Millions
Source: United Nations Populations Division, World Population Prospects, The 2004 Revision.

19. Studying Population
Europe is the only world region projected to decline in population by 2050.
Millions

20. Population Pyramids
A population pyramid is a graph of horizontal bar graphs that illustrates a country’s population by sex (male and female) by age ranges (cohorts) of every 5 years (0 – 4, 5 – 9, etc.)
A great deal of information about the population can be read from a population pyramid, influencing decision making of present and future needs for the population:
Birth rate trends
Infant mortality rate trends
Death rate trends
Number of economic dependents (<15 + >65)
Life expectancy, etc.

21. DEPENDENCY LOAD
The Dependency Load, or “dependents” are the percentage of the population who rely on the working population to support them (their educational, health care, social, needs, etc.).
The Dependency Load is the non-working population of people less than 15 years plus those greater than 65 years.
(>15 and <65)

22. Population Pyramids
Three basic shapes of population pyramids.

23. Population Pyramids – CAN 1961
Aging Population
Depression
Baby Boom

24. Population Pyramids – CAN 2006

25. Population Pyramids – US 1990

26. Population Pyramids – US 2000

27. Population Pyramids – US 2025

28. Population Pyramids – US 2050

29. Population Pyramids – US 2100

30. Global Village
If the world were a village of 1000 people, it would include:
584 Asians
124 Africans
95 Eastern and Western Europeans
84 Latin Americans
55 former Soviets
52 North Americans
6 Australians and New Zealanders

31. Global Village The people of the village would speak: 165 Mandarin
86 English
83 Hindu/Urdu
64 Spanish
58 Russian
37 Arabic
and the remaining villagers would speak a variety of 200 other languages

32. Global Village The religion practiced by the villagers would be:
329 Christians (among them 187 Catholics, 84 Protestants, and 31 Orthodox)
178 Muslims
167 "Non religious"
60 Buddhists
45 Atheists
32 Hindus
3 Jews
and 86 of other religions

33. Global Village Financially speaking in this 1000 person community
200 people receive 75 percent of the income
Another 200 receive only 2 percent of the income.
Only 70 people of the 1000 own an automobile (although some of the 70 own more than one car).
About one-third have access to clean, safe drinking water.

34. Global Village
Looking at the social structure of the village, there are:
5 soldiers
7 teachers
1 doctor
3 refugees driven from home by war or drought
and half of the adults are illiterate

35. Global Village
The village has a total yearly budget, public and private, of over $3 million - $3,000 per person if it is distributed evenly.
Of the total $ :
$181,000 goes to weapons and warfare
$159,000 to education
$132,000 to health care

36. Global Village Nuclear Power in the Village:
The village has buried beneath it enough explosive power in nuclear weapons to blow itself to smithereens many times over. These weapons are under the control of just 100 of the people.
The other 900 are watching them with deep anxiety, wondering whether they can learn to get along together; and if they do, whether they might set off the weapons anyway through inattention or technical bungling; and if they ever decide to dismantle the weapons, where in the world village will they dispose of the radioactive materials of which the weapons are made?