1. UTAH COAL MINE COLLAPSE By Iona Evans & Jonathan Price

2. INTRODUCTION Crandall Canyon Coal Mine, 140 miles south of Salt Lake City At least 1,500ft deep 3.5million tonnes produced per year Room and pillar mining

3. WHAT HAPPENED? “This tragedy was caused by an earthquake, not something our employees did.” Robert Murray, owner. August 6 th 2007 Seismic activity registered 3.9 on the Richter Scale 6 miners trapped behind collapsed rock, never found 3 miners killed in rescue attempt

4. SEISMIC ACTIVITY Results from seismic stations Small open circles represent S waves – shear. Filled circles would imply P waves – compression. Earthquakes cause P waves Seismic activity recorded at the coal mine must have been related to the collapse of an underground cavity NOT AN EARTHQUAKE as claimed by mine owner.

5. “ROCK BUMPS” As coal is extracted, pressure is redistributed onto the pillars and can increase to the extent that the pillar explodes, shooting coal and rock at lethal speeds. CAUSES Strong roof and floor strata Sandstone channels Strong coal seams Fault and shear zone structures Mining deeper 1,200 feet

6. PREVENTION OF “ROCK BUMPS” Mine design  softening the ground  pillar size Destressing  intentional fracture load  redistribution can cause bumps elsewhere Volley firing  explosives cause fracture to advance high stress zones away from working face Hydraulic fracturing  injection of fluid to cause failure

7. ENGINEERING ERRORS 325 safety warnings, 116 “significant and substantial” by the mine safety authority $152,000 fines over 3 years Pillars reported to be inadequate in size No escape route provided ($60 fine in 2006)‏ Engaged in dangerous ‘retreat mining’ RETREAT MINING Retreating back towards the mine's entrance, miners pull down the last standing pillars of coal and let the roof fall in. Pillar removal has to occur in a very precise order in order to reduce the risks to workers, due to the high stresses placed on the remaining pillars.

8. CONCLUSION Mine Safety authority overstretched and has insufficient power No precautions taken to prevent rock bumps Need to carry out proper load analysis and mine design Retreat mining is unsafe and should not be used