1. Evolution by genetic drift random fluctuation in allele frequencies allele loss or fixation allele frequency differences between populations

2. Buri’s (1956) experimental demonstration of genetic drift Initially identical subpopulations evolve by chance to become genetically different

3. Genetic drift is more powerful in small populations

4. Drift leads to an inevitable decline in heterozygosity in finite populations over time. Again, this happens faster in small populations.

5. The northern elephant seal bottleneck large US California and Baja California populations were hunted for oil and skins by end 1800’s, ~ 20 individuals remained on Guadalupe Island off Baja California population rebounded to ~120,000 by 1980 Microunga angustirostris

6. Northern elephant seals show no allozyme variation Bonnell and Selander (1974): no variation at 24 allozyme loci Hoelzel et al. (1993): no variation at > 50 loci Severe homozygosity, despite rapid recovery

7. Did the bottleneck cause reduced genetic variation? pinnepeds show low allozyme variation, but: southern elephant seals: not hunted, no bottleneck, much greater allozyme variation northern species: unusually low variation in highly variable DNA (microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA control region) –2 different control region sequences in 40 northern seals –southern species ~ 10X more variation

8. Photograph by Max McRae The history of colonization of Tasmania and New Zealand by the silvereye, Zosterops lateralis