1. Introduction to Aerodynamics Let’s keep it simple, shall we? Why is it important and how does it affect my car? Greenpower schools education event Castle Bromwich Manufacturing Facility 1 st May 2013 Edward Sorby

2. 2 Contents What is aerodynamics? So where do the forces come from? Why is aerodynamics so important in the design of a Greenpower racer? How can I make my car faster?! http://www.listofcarbrands.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/pagani-zonda-f-wind-tunnel.jpg

3. 3 Contents What is aerodynamics? Why is aerodynamics so important in the design of a Greenpower racer? So where do the forces come from? How can I make my car faster?!

4. 4 Contents What is aerodynamics? Why is aerodynamics so important in the design of a Greenpower racer? So where do the forces come from? How can I make my car faster?! Force on airReaction on wall

5. 5 Contents What is aerodynamics? Why is aerodynamics so important in the design of a Greenpower racer? So where do the forces come from? How can I make my car faster?! http://enterprisezones.communities.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/bloodhound.jpg

6. 6 WHAT IS AERODYNAMICS?

7. 7 What is aerodynamics? Definition: >“The study of the properties of moving air and the interaction between the air and solid bodies moving through it” But what does that really mean?! http://www.listofcarbrands.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/pagani-zonda-f-wind-tunnel.jpg

8. 8 What is aerodynamics? Definition: >“The study of the properties of moving air and the interaction between the air and solid bodies moving through it” But what does that really mean?! http://www.listofcarbrands.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/pagani-zonda-f-wind-tunnel.jpg

9. 9 WHY IS AERODYNAMICS SO IMPORTANT IN THE DESIGN OF A GREENPOWER RACER?

10. 10 Why is aerodynamics so important in the design of a Greenpower racer? In a race you have to work against 3 sources of resistance : >Aerodynamics >We will discuss where these forces come from >Approximately 40% of the total >Rolling Resistance >Primary cause is the rubber tyre compound deforming at the contact patch (with ground). Some of the energy required to deform the tyre is lost as heat; a process called hysteresis. The process is continuous as the tyre rolls. >A small component of rolling resistance is from bearings and other mechanical parts. >Approximately 30% of the total >Mass >Uses energy to accelerate the car, or go up hills. >Rolling resistance goes up with mass as deformation of tyre at contact patch increases >Approximately 30% of the total

11. 11 Why is aerodynamics so important in the design of a Greenpower racer? In a race you have to work against 3 sources of resistance : >Aerodynamics >We will discuss where these forces come from >Approximately 40% of the total >Rolling Resistance >Primary cause is the rubber tyre compound deforming at the contact patch (with ground). Some of the energy required to deform the tyre is lost as heat; a process called hysteresis. The process is continuous as the tyre rolls. >A small component of rolling resistance is from bearings and other mechanical parts. >Approximately 30% of the total >Mass >Uses energy to accelerate the car, or go up hills. >Rolling resistance goes up with mass as deformation of tyre at contact patch increases >Approximately 30% of the total

12. 12 Why is aerodynamics so important in the design of a Greenpower racer? In a race you have to work against 3 sources of resistance : >Aerodynamics >We will discuss where these forces come from >Approximately 40% of the total >Rolling Resistance >Primary cause is the rubber tyre compound deforming at the contact patch (with ground). Some of the energy required to deform the tyre is lost as heat; a process called hysteresis. The process is continuous as the tyre rolls. >A small component of rolling resistance is from bearings and other mechanical parts. >Approximately 30% of the total >Mass >Uses energy to accelerate the car, or go up hills. >Rolling resistance goes up with mass as deformation of tyre at contact patch increases >Approximately 30% of the total

13. 13 Why is aerodynamics so important in the design of a Greenpower racer? In a race you have to work against 3 sources of resistance : >Aerodynamics >We will discuss where these forces come from >Approximately 40% of the total >Rolling Resistance >Primary cause is the rubber tyre compound deforming at the contact patch (with ground). Some of the energy required to deform the tyre is lost as heat; a process called hysteresis. The process is continuous as the tyre rolls. >A small component of rolling resistance is from bearings and other mechanical parts. >Approximately 30% of the total >Mass >Uses energy to accelerate the car, or go up hills. >Rolling resistance goes up with mass as deformation of tyre at contact patch increases >Approximately 30% of the total

14. 14 Why is aerodynamics so important in the design of a Greenpower racer? To go faster, we must make each of these 3 things better We can do this by being clever when we design the car >This is free, and just requires some creative thinking >This is the fun way to do it! We can also go to the shop and buy better parts >This can get expensive >Also is time consuming, requires lots of testing and is very boring!

15. 15 Why is aerodynamics so important in the design of a Greenpower racer? To go faster, we must make each of these 3 things better We can do this by being clever when we design the car >This is free, and just requires some creative thinking >This is the fun way to do it! We can also go to the shop and buy better parts >This can get expensive >Also is time consuming, requires lots of testing and is very boring!

16. 16 Why is aerodynamics so important in the design of a Greenpower racer? To go faster, we must make each of these 3 things better We can do this by being clever when we design the car >This is free, and just requires some creative thinking >This is the fun way to do it! We can also go to the shop and buy better parts >This can get expensive… >…and is very boring!

17. 17 Why is aerodynamics so important in the design of a Greenpower racer? Improving mass To make the car lighter, we can go from something like this >Heavy, using cheap materials and designed to be stronger than it needs to be! http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/1965_Turin_Salon_Miura_Chassis_-1.jpg

18. 18 Why is aerodynamics so important in the design of a Greenpower racer? Improving mass To make the car lighter, we can go from something like this >Heavy, using cheap materials and designed to be stronger than it needs to be! To something like this >Light, expensive materials, well designed To make you car light and safe needs a lot of engineering know-how, exotic materials, or both! http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/1965_Turin_Salon_Miura_Chassis_-1.jpg http://www.zolfe.com/Images/Zolfe_chassis.gif

19. 19 Why is aerodynamics so important in the design of a Greenpower racer? Improving Rolling Resistance Friction is mostly due to the components you use… >Tyres >Bearings >Chain >Gears Improving it requires you to buy better components!

20. 20 Why is aerodynamics so important in the design of a Greenpower racer? Improving aerodynamics We want to go from this http://cdn.speedhunters.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/desktop1.jpg

21. 21 Why is aerodynamics so important in the design of a Greenpower racer? Improving aerodynamics We want to go from thisto this Within the rules of Greenpower, improving aerodynamics is down to your design You can improve this just by being creative and clever when you design you car! It is therefore the cheapest and easiest way to make your car faster! http://cdn.speedhunters.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/desktop1.jpg http://www.jaguar.com/content/global/Assets_12MY/Nameplate/xf/Exterior/LHD_EU_ROW/A6_LHD_XF_12MY_012_046_Polaris_White-1008x567.jpg

22. 22 SO WHERE DO THE FORCES COME FROM?

23. 23 So where do the forces come from? There are 2 main reasons why the air creates forces: >Friction drag >Most important for very aerodynamic shapes like aeroplane wings >Pressure drag >Most important on blunt shapes like cars High pressure Low pressure

24. 24 So where do the forces come from? There are 2 main reasons why the air creates forces: >Friction drag >Most important for very aerodynamic shapes like aeroplane wings >Pressure drag >Most important on blunt shapes like cars High pressure Low pressure

25. 25 So where do the forces come from? There are 2 main reasons why the air creates forces: >Skin friction drag >Most important for very aerodynamic shapes like aeroplane wings >Pressure drag >Most important on blunt shapes like cars High pressure Low pressure

26. 26 So where do the forces come from? A simple explanation… So what is pressure? >The force created when air particles bounce off things More air particles? >Higher pressure > bigger force Fewer air particles? >Lower pressure > less force Force on airReaction on wall

27. 27 So where do the forces come from? A simple explanation… So what is pressure? >The force created when air particles bounce off things More air particles? >Higher pressure > bigger force Fewer air particles? >Lower pressure > less force Force on airReaction on wall

28. 28 So where do the forces come from? A simple explanation… So what is pressure? >The force created when air particles bounce off things More air particles? >Higher pressure…bigger force Fewer air particles? >Lower pressure > less force Force on airReaction on wall High pressure

29. 29 So where do the forces come from? A simple explanation… So what is pressure? >The force created when air particles bounce off things More air particles? >Higher pressure…bigger force Fewer air particles? >Lower pressure…less force Force on airReaction on wall Low pressure

30. 30 So where do the forces come from? A simple explanation… But how does a moving car change the air pressure? Car Air

31. 31 So where do the forces come from? A simple explanation… But how does a moving car change the air pressure? Air Car

32. 32 So where do the forces come from? A simple explanation… But how does a moving car change the air pressure? Car Air

33. 33 So where do the forces come from? A simple explanation… But how does a moving car change the air pressure? Car Air High pressure Low pressure

34. 34 So where do the forces come from? A complicated explanation… For the older amongst you, we’ll take a look at the Bernoulli principle and turbulence

35. 35 So where do the forces come from? A complicated explanation… For the older amongst you, we’ll take a look at the Bernoulli principle and turbulence Bernoulli principle >The theory explaining why aeroplanes fly

36. 36 So where do the forces come from? A complicated explanation… For the older amongst you, we’ll take a look at the Bernoulli principle and turbulence Bernoulli principle >The theory explaining why aeroplanes fly Turbulence >A method through which energy and pressure is lost http://www.efluids.com/efluids/gallery/gallery_images/wake.jpg http://www.hiflykites.co.za/kite-online-shop/x-zylo-flying-principles-3.gif

37. 37 So where do the forces come from? Bernoulli principle… If air moves faster, its pressure will decrease.

38. 38 So where do the forces come from? Bernoulli principle… If air moves faster, its pressure will decrease.

39. 39 So where do the forces come from? Bernoulli principle… If air moves faster, its pressure will decrease.

40. 40 So where do the forces come from? Bernoulli principle… If air moves faster, its pressure will decrease.

41. 41 So where do the forces come from? Bernoulli principle… If air moves faster, its pressure will decrease.

42. 42 So where do the forces come from? Bernoulli principle… If air moves faster, its pressure will decrease.

43. 43 So where do the forces come from? Bernoulli principle… If air moves faster, its pressure will decrease.

44. 44 So where do the forces come from? Bernoulli principle… If air moves faster, its pressure will decrease. The distance between air particles is bigger on the top surface than the bottom!

45. 45 So where do the forces come from? Bernoulli principle… High pressure Low pressure If air moves faster, its pressure will decrease. If air moves slower, its pressure will increase.

46. 46 So where do the forces come from? Bernoulli principle… Look at the image to the right…

47. 47 So where do the forces come from? Bernoulli principle… Look at the image to the right… Imagine you can see the air as you move with the car Air in front of the car is slowed down It’s pressure therefore increases >This pushes the car back and tries to slow you down!

48. 48 So where do the forces come from? Bernoulli principle… Look at the image to the right… But what about behind the car?

49. 49 So where do the forces come from? Bernoulli principle… Look at the image to the right… “The air behind the car is moving slowly too, doesn’t that push the car forward?!” Ah, now that’s where turbulence comes in!

50. 50 So where do the forces come from? Turbulence… Blunt bodies like cars will generally have a turbulent area in the air behind them, but what is turbulence? http://www.efluids.com/efluids/gallery/gallery_images/wake.jpg

51. 51 So where do the forces come from? Turbulence… In certain situations, air flow will become very turbulent This means it is chaotic and difficult to predict The physics involved means energy and pressure is lost http://www.cvphysiology.com/Hemodynamics/H007%20turbulent%20vs%20laminar%20flow.gif

52. 52 So where do the forces come from? Turbulence… An example of turbulence…aeroplanes! Ideal flight: As explained before, the air moves faster over than under the wing, creating an upwards force called lift.

53. 53 An example of turbulence…aeroplanes! Flying through turbulence: When flying through turbulence, the chaotic movement of the air prevents the difference in pressure from happening >This means the pressure above and below the wing is almost the same, so there’s no lift! The bouncing you feel when you fly in turbulence is due to the aeroplane losing lift, and then getting it back again! So where do the forces come from? Turbulence…

54. 54 So where do the forces come from? Turbulence… Turbulence can be created a number of ways, the most important to us are: >Moving over fast changes in shape >eg if the back of your car has a sharp corner >Air of different speeds meeting each other and mixing >eg fast air from the top of your car meeting slow air from the bottom

55. 55 So where do the forces come from? Turbulence… Fast air Slow air Turbulent mixture Turbulence can be created a number of ways, the most important to us are: >Moving over fast changes in shape >eg if the back of your car has a sharp corner >Air of different speeds meeting each other and mixing >eg fast air from the top of your car meeting slow air from the bottom

56. 56 So where do the forces come from? A complicated explanation… The Bernoulli principle and turbulence combine to create a drag force on your car slowing it down! Now I’ll show you some easy tricks to minimise these effects High pressure Low pressure

57. 57 HOW CAN I MAKE MY CAR FASTER?!

58. 58 How can I make my car faster?! It’s simple, minimise the pressure change at the front and back of your car! >But how?

59. 59 How can I make my car faster?! It’s simple, minimise the pressure change at the front and back of your car! >But how? Imagine we start with a very bad car Track High pressure Low pressure High pressureLow pressure

60. 60 How can I make my car faster?! Begin by rounding the front end to prevent pressure building up at the front Track High pressure Low pressure High pressureLow pressure

61. 61 How can I make my car faster?! But air flowing under the car also slows us down because it’s close to the track >So we lower the tip of the nose to make more air go over the top Track High pressure Low pressureHigh pressure Low pressure

62. 62 How can I make my car faster?! Taper the rear of the car to increase the pressure there, and reduce that pesky turbulence! Track High pressure Low pressure High pressure

63. 63 How can I make my car faster?! Finally, make your car as small as possible, so there’s less of it for the air to push on! High pressure Low pressure High pressureLow pressure Track

64. 64 How can I make my car faster?! The difference can be very big… Before………… High pressure Low pressure

65. 65 How can I make my car faster?! The difference can be very big… Before……………………After High pressure Low pressure High pressure Low pressure

66. 66 How can I make my car faster?! Differences made to our car this year… Before……………………After

67. 67 ANY QUESTIONS?

68. 68 YOUR TURN!