1. The Frontiers of HCI Jim Warren derived from lots of places and with thanks to Beryl Plimmer Haptics, Smell and Brain Interaction

2. Learning Outcomes Describe haptics in terms of – Human perception – Applications – Devices Describe application of eye tracking and visual gesture recognition Describe the exploration of – Olfactory detection and production – Brain wave detection

3. The Human Perceptual System Physical Aspects of Perception – Touch (tactile/cutaneous) Located in the skin, enables us to feel – Texture – Heat – Pain – Movement (kinesthetic/proprioceptive) The location of your body and its appendages The direction and speed of your movements 1-3

4. Physical Aspects of Perception Proprioception – We use sensation from our joints (e.g. their angles) and our muscles (e.g. strain) to determine the position of our limbs and perceive body position Combine with vestibular system (inner ear, balance) to perceive motion, orientation and acceleration – This combination is sometimes called the kinaesthetic sense. 1-4

5. Mobile devices Phone output – Vibrate – silent alert. These can be used like earcons – different signals for different events Does your phone have different alerts? – Can you tell the difference? 1-5

6. Mobile devices Phone input – Touch screens See previous lecture – Accelerometer - shaking actions Inconsistent interactions, high error rates – Passive input GPS Altimeter, Temperature, Humidity Specialised fitness or medical monitors 1-6 Fitbit Flex with sleep tracker

7. Using Haptics in Interaction Design ImmersiveTouch™ high fidelity surgical simulators 1-7 3D view with hi-res graphics Realistic surgical instrument attached to force feedback controller

8. Using Haptics in Interaction Design Medical Uses – Surgeon controls ‘robot’ with zoomed view and automated enhancements over manual surgery (e.g. greater range of motion than human wrist, tremor reduction) Most famous is da Vinci Surgical System – Over 200,000 operations in 2012 – Mostly prostate, uterine and heart valve (i.e. delicate stuff) 1-8

9. Using Haptics in Interaction Design The GuideCane (Ulrich and Borenstein, 2001) 1-9

10. Force Feedback Displays – Manipulator Gloves 1-10 CyberForce CyberGraspCyberGlove II Motion capture Force feedback – can ‘hang your hand’ on a virtual steeringwheel Feel size and shape of virtual object

11. Desktop Haptic Devices – SensAble PHANTOM (now by GeoMagic) Closest to a commodity force feedback tool 1-11 PHANTOM Premium 6-degrees (3 translational, 3 rotational) McSig – Beryl’s work with visually impaired http://dl.acm.org.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/citation.cfm?id=1993060.1993067&coll=DL&dl=AC M&CFID=333467105&CFTOKEN=52399920

12. Eye tracking 1-12 GP3 eye tracker by Gazepoint Most consumer-friendly modern method uses infrared (IR) light reflected off of different parts of the eye to detect angle of gaze – 1 st -4 th Purkinje images are from outer and inner surfaces of cornea (1, 2) and outer and inner surfaces of lens (3, 4) – Measures of these angles from multiple locations, combined with measure of head position, allow estimation of gaze point on screen* * Chi Jian-nan ; Zhang Peng-yi ; Zheng Si-yi ; Zhang Chuang ; Huang Ying, Key Techniques of Eye Gaze Tracking Based on Pupil Corneal Reflection, IEEE Intelligent Systems, 2009

13. Eye tracking applications Using eye tracking to estimate gaze point over time provides rich insight into how users consume a visual presentation – E.g. what do they look at on a Web page and for how long? Rather more limited as an input method – Careful control of eye gaze to act as pointer can result in eye strain* – But still useful for people with disabilities – Can use dwell time to indicate click, but error-prone Room for further research in combining with other input methods 1-13 *http://www- edc.eng.cam.ac.uk/~pb400/Papers/4_pbiswas_JAT11a.pdf

14. Visual gesture recognition OpenKinect – sort of pirate community making API to use Xbox Kinect hardware widely Makes skeleton from video and learns gestures for control – OK with broad gestures and good contrast to background – Kinect reasonably well received as a video game enhancer – Other apps being explored (e.g. surgeon to work computer with sterile hands) 1-14 http://support.xbox.com/en-NZ/xbox-one/kinect/common-gestures

15. Olfactory - Odour/ Smell Smell is essentially our ability to detect specific chemical particles in the air We can detect about 4000 different smells And they can be combined in millions of different ways Smell is very deep in our animal brain 1-15

16. Smell – current research Using sounds and smell signatures to aid recall of and affinity with individuals A wire in the glasses heats 8 perfumes to release a scent Yongsoon Choi, Rahul Parsani, Xavier Roman, Anshul Vikram Pandey, and Adrian David Cheok. 2012. Sound perfume: building positive impression during face-to-face communication. In SIGGRAPH Asia 2012 Emerging Technologies (SA '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA,, Article 22, 3 pages. DOI=10.1145/2407707.2407729 http://doi.acm.org.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/10.1145/2407707.2407729http://doi.acm.org.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/10.1145/2407707.2407729 Read http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21228415.800-glasses-emit-personal-sound-and- smell.html#.Uz4nzI3HlSFhttp://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21228415.800-glasses-emit-personal-sound-and- smell.html#.Uz4nzI3HlSF See video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-UTFNaesTchttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-UTFNaesTc 1-16

17. Technology of Odour Input – Detecting particular chemicals is possible Drug/ explosive sniffers – Detecting the range of smells in anything like human terms is extremely difficult task Output – Manufacturing particular smells possible (e.g. ‘freshly baked cookies’ – Active generation of a range of smells very difficult, but choosing a single smell to assert branding and positive association for a retail outlet or such is already done (see http://www.scentair.com/why-scentair-news-press/smells-sell- as-hard-nosed-traders-discover/) http://www.scentair.com/why-scentair-news-press/smells-sell- as-hard-nosed-traders-discover/ – Actually not that different than the conventional use of perfume to create an almost-subliminal association for one’s partner – Also similar to branding with corporate colours 1-17

18. Brain Computer Interaction Detecting the brain waves and interpreting From outside the skull – not very accurate Inside the skull – accurate but invasive http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ogBX18maUiM 1-18

19. Reading nerve signals from brain to muscles Application: Motor Disabilities – HAL-5 (Hybrid Assistive Limb), CYBERDYNE Inc. www.cyberdyne.jp www.cyberdyne.jp 1-19

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21. EEG and Visually Evoked Potentials (VEP) Electroencephalography (EEG) is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp Patterns (in shape, or as strobing) coming into the eye can translate to measurable signals on the EEG (VEP) – However, there are many sources of noise, including blinking – And it’s not a rapid-response thing (usually analyse period 200-500ms following onset of visual stimulus) – See http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/electrophysiology/visually-evoked-potentials/ http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/electrophysiology/visually-evoked-potentials/ 1-21

22. Summary Describe haptics in terms of – Human perception Touch, proprioception, kinaesthetics – Applications Surgery (training or actual), assistive technology Describe applications of eye tracking and visual gesture recognition – Eye tracking: user studies, assistive; Visual gesture: games Describe the exploration of – Olfactory detection and production Detection of specific chemicals possible Production of a limited range of scents – Brain wave detection Awkward set up and use through EEG, but a boon to those who need it Fairly limited interaction without surgery