1. Failures Due to Static Loading
Section IV
Failures Due to Static Loading

2. Talking Points Static Loading? Failure Theories:
Maximum-Normal Stress Theory
Maximum-Shear Stress Theory
The Distortion-Energy Theory
Factor of Safety for each Failure Theory

3. Static Loading?
Static Load is a stationary force or moment acting on a member.
Stationary means that the force or moment does not change in magnitude.
Sometime the load is assumed to be static when it is known that some variation to be expected. Such assumptions are made to simplify the design computations when variations in load are few or minor in nature.

4. i. Maximum-Normal Stress Theory
Failure Theories
i. Maximum-Normal Stress Theory
This theory states that failure occurs whenever the largest principal stress equals the strength.
Suppose the principal stresses are ordered as:
Then if yielding is the criteria of failure, then failure occurs whenever:
where:
If ultimate tensile strength is used (in case of brittle materials), failure occur whenever:
Principal Element
Pure tension
Pure torsion
Note: For pure torsion s1 = t = s3 and s2 = 0. This
means that the part fails in torsion when t = Sy. But
experiments show that a part in torsion will deform
at about 60% of the yield strength. This is one of
the reasons the maximum-normal stress theory is
not recommended.

5. ii. Maximum-Shear Stress Theory
Failure Theories
ii. Maximum-Shear Stress Theory
This theory is used only in the ductile materials.
It states that yielding begins whenever the maximum shear stress becomes equal to the maximum shear stress in a tension test specimen of the same material when that specimen begins to yield.
The maximum-shear stress theory predicts that failure will occur whenever:
Shear yield strength is given by:

6. iii. The Distortion-Energy Theory
Failure Theories
iii. The Distortion-Energy Theory
This theory is called the shear-energy theory.
It is used also for ductile materials.
Like the maximum-shear stress theory, this theory is employed to define the beginning of yield. It predicts that yielding will occur whenever the distortion-energy in a unit volume equals the distortion energy in the same volume when uniaxially stressed to the yield strength.
The distortion energy is obtained by subtracting equation (5) from equation (2):
So yielding is predicted to occur when:
Shear yield strength is given by:
a) both volume change
and angular distortion
b) volume change
c) distortion without
volume change
For figure (a):
For unit cube, the work done in any of the principal directions is: , where n= 1,2,3
The total strain energy is: or
The average value savg:
The remaining stress, (s1-savg), (s2-savg), (s3-savg) will produce angular distortion, figure (c). Substituting (savg for s1, s2, s3) in equation (2) gives the amount of strain energy producing only volume change.
Substituting in equation (4) gives:

7. Factor of Safety for each Failure Theory
For maximum-normal stress theory
For maximum-shear stress theory
For the distortion-energy theory:

8. Example
A material has a yield strength of 600 MPa. Compute the fator of safety for each of the failure theories for ductile materials. Use the following stress states:
a)- s1 = 420 MPa: s2 = 420 MPa, s3 = 0
b)- s1 = 420 MPa, s2 = 180 MPa, s3 = 0
c)- s1 = 420 MPa, s2 = 0 MPa, s3 = -180 MPa
d)- s1 = 0 MPa, s2 = -180 MPa, s3 = -420 MPa.