1. Empirical Ionospheric Models from Worldwide Incoherent Scatter Radars Shun-Rong Zhang and John Holt MIT Haystack Observatory, USA Tony van Eyken EISCAT Association, Norway Mary McCready SRI International, USA Christine Amory-Mazaudier Centre for the Study of Earth and Planets Environments, CNRS, France Shoichiro Fukao Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Japan Michael Sulzer Arecibo Observatory, National Astronomy & Ionosphere Center, Puerto Rico

2. Outline  ISR long-term database  Modeling technique  Results: local models A case study: Annual variations Comparisons with IRI Applications  Regional Models  ISR Convection Model  Model Availability  Future Projects

3. World Incoherent Scatter Radars

4. MADRIGAL: Long-term ISR Database www.openmadrigal.org

5. Madrigal

6. The European Chain: EISCAT Svalbard Radar (1997-), in polar cap, the highest latitude EISCAT Tromsø UHF radar (1984-) and VHF radar (1990-), St. Santin Radar (1973-1986) East America Chain Sondrestrom Radar (1990-) Millstone Hill Radar (1970-) Arecibo Radar (1966-) East Asia MU Radar (1986-2003) Existing Long-term Data

7. Binning and Fitting technique  Data are binned according to local time and month  Piece-wise linear height profile is used for initial data binning with 17-19 height nodes.  Solar activity dependency is determined by a leaset-squares fit to a linear function to F107.  Median filter (3 months x 3 hours) is applied to the fitting coefficients.

8. Analytic representations of bin-fit results  Seasonal variations: harmonics with 12, 6 and 3 month components  Local time variations: harmonics with 24, 12, 6 and 3 hour components  Height variations: cubic B-spline with 17 breaks and gradient controls at upper and lower boundaries.

9. Height Profile

10. Height Profile Basis Function

11. Data Distribution

12. Results: Midday Ne Svalbard Millstone Arecibo Shigariki Curve Color Code Winter Spring Summer Autumn St. Santin Tromso Sondrestrom

13. Results : Latitudinal and Longitudinal features subauroral midlatitude highlatitude Semiannual components, longitudinal differences Strong semiannual components, asymmetry Semiannual components starts to occur Lower midlatitude

14. O/N2 and SZA change O/N2 (from MSIS)O/N2 x cos (SZA) SZA = solar zenith angle

15. Ti At Millstone, highest Ti occurs in May.

16. Yearly variations: Millstone

17. Yearly variations in midday Ti at 350 km: Millstone Circles: Data Dashed: Model Percentage difference Data - Model difference F107

18. Comparisons with IRI: diurnal AreMUStSMHTroSonSva Ne Ti Te Ne Ti Te Median solar activity conditions with F107=135 or Rz=88

19. Comparisons with IRI: profile AreMUStSMHTroSonSva Ne Ti Te Ne Ti Te Median solar activity conditions with F107=135 or Rz=88

20. Model Applications: Tn and [O] Using a simplified energy equations for ions (widely used in the ISR community for the neutral parameter deduction)

21. ISR Convection Model

22. Regional Ionospheric Models: Millstone Areas Millstone Regional Ionospheric Model covers geodetic latitudes 35- 55 degrees.

23. ISR Convection Model: data A Combined Dataset from Millstone and Sondrestrom ISRs Observations

24. ISR Convection Model: IMF Bz controls

25. ISR Model Availability  Virtual Incoherent Scatter Radars  Web interface  FTP http://madrigal.haystack.mit.edu/models OR http://www.openmadrigal.org

26. Virtual ISRs Virtual ISRs – current day

27. Virtual ISRs – current time

28. Future Projects  Regional ionospheric models for Eastern America longitudes European longitudes

29. A New Space Weather Project Multiple incoherent scatter radar long-term database study of upper atmosphere climatology and variability 1. to generate databases of thermospheric Tn, [O], winds for multiple ISRs; 2. to develop local and regional models of the thermospheric parameters; 3. to create variability models of the ionospheric as well as thermospheric parameters; 4. to study latitudinal/longitudinal features of the ionosphere and thermosphere.

30. Arecibo: Ne diurnal

31. Arecibo: Te diurnal

32. Arecibo: Ti diurnal

33. MU: Ne diurnal

34. Millstone: Ne diurnal

35. Millstone: Ti diurnal

36. Millstone: Te diurnal

37. St. Santin: Ne diurnal

38. St. Santin: Ti diurnal

39. St. Santin: Te diurnal

40. Tromso: Ne diurnal

41. Tromso: Ti diurnal

42. Tromso: Te diurnal

43. Sondrestrom: Ne diurnal

44. Sondrestrom: Ti diurnal

45. Sondrestrom: Te diurnal

46. Svalbard: Ne Diurnal

47. Svalbard: Ti Diurnal

48. Svalbard: Te Diurnal

49. Arecibo: Ne profile

50. Arecibo: Ti profile

51. Arecibo: Te profile

52. MU: Ne profile

53. Millstone: Ne profile

54. Millstone: Ti profile

55. Millstone: Te profile

56. St Santin: Ne profile

57. St Santin: Ti profile

58. St Santin: Te profile

59. Tromso: Ne profile

60. Tromso: Ti profile

61. Tromso: Te profile

62. Sondrestrom: Ne profile

63. Sondrestrom: Ti profile

64. Sondrestrom: Te profile

65. Svalbard: Ne profile

66. Svalbard: Ti profile

67. Svalbard: Te profile