1. Quality aspects of urban and natural surface runoff GEX-22967 Interventions Bassin Versant Dr. Dirk Muschalla

2. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Dirk Muschalla 1996 – 2001Academic study in civil engineering, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany 2001 – 2006Research associate at the Section for Engineering Hydrology and Water Management, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany 2006 – 2008Lecturer at the Section for Engineering Hydrology and Water Management, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany Since 2007Teaching assignment at Graz University of Technology, Austria Since 2008Postdoctoral Researcher of the Canada Research Chair in Water Quality Modelling, Université Laval

3. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Literature Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses : A Guide To Conservation, Agriculture Handbook Number 537, USDA –http://topsoil.nserl.purdue. edu/usle/AH_537.pdfhttp://topsoil.nserl.purdue. edu/usle/AH_537.pdf W. James, W.C. Huber, R.E. Dickinson, and W.R.C. James «Water systems models HYDROLOGY», CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (fourth printing 1999) –Chapters 4.8.1 - 4.8.4

4. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Quality aspects of urban surface runoff

5. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Urban hydrology cycle 1.Evapotranspiration /precipitation 2.Runoff generation 3.Runoff concentration 4.Flow translation and retention 5.Flow diversion and storage 6.Overflow 7.Calculation of dry weather flow and pollution loads 8.Specific processes

6. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Urban runoff quality Three methods: 1.Average loads or concentrations Constant concentration of surface runoff Direct or via annual load 2.Rating curve Concentration proportional surface runoff 3.Buildup und wash-off Dry periods: Buildup of “dust and dirt” (DD) Period of runoff: complete or partly wash-off of DD

7. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Average loads / concentrations Example ATV A128 (German guidleline document) –Annual 600 kg/ha COD –Annual precipitation 800 mm –Average runoff coefficent 0,7

8. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Rating curve WFLOW=subcatchment runoff (e.g. m 3 /s) POFF=constituent load washed of at time t (e.g. mg/s) RCOEF=coefficent that includes corrrect units conversion WASHPO=exponent

9. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Buildup (Sartor and Boyd, 1972, Quelle:CHI 2006)

10. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Buildup (Pitt, 1979, Quelle:CHI 2006)

11. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Buildup – measured Dust and Dirt TypeLand UsePounds DD/dry day per 100 ft-curb 1Single Family Residential0.7 2Multi Family Residential2.3 3Commercial3.3 4Industrial4.6 5Undeveloped Park1.5 Accumulation in Chicago by APWA in 1969

12. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Buildup – measured Dust and Dirt ParameterSingle Family Residential Multi Family Residential CommercialIndustrial BOD55.03.67.73.0 COD40.0 39.040.0 Total Coliforms 1.3 10 6 2.7 10 6 1.7 10 6 1.010 6 Total N0.480.610.410.43 Total PO40.05 0.070.03 Accumulation in Chicago by APWA in 1969 Milligram of pollutant per gram of DD Units for coliforms are MPN/gram

13. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Buildup Equations Three different equations 1.Power-linear 2.Exponential 3.Michaelis-Menton DD=Dust and Dirt (e.g. lb)

14. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Buildup

15. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Buildup Annahme: Schmutzabtrag P ab steigt mit Zunahme des Schmutzpotenzials solange, bis das maximale Schmutzpotenzial P 0 mit P zu im Gleichgewicht steht

16. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Akkumulation Die Restverschmutzung nach einem Regenereignis oder Straßenreinigung kann über eine äquivalente Trockenzeit berücksichtigt werden

17. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Buildup

18. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Washoff Rate of washoff (e.g.mg/sec) is proportional to remaining quantity PSHED = quantity remaining on surface K = coefficient

19. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Washoff PSHED(t) = quantity remaining on surface at time t PSHED 0 = initial amount of quantity POFF = cumulativ amount washed of at time t

20. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Washoff modification » if increase of in runoff rate is sufficient, concentration can increase during the middle of a strom even if PSHED is dimished «

21. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla CSO– discharge receiving river

22. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla CSO – resulting BOD5 concentration

23. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Quantity (PSHED) on surface over time

24. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Quantity (PSHED) on surface over time

25. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Quantity (PSHED) on surface over time

26. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Rainfall event

27. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Hydro- and Pollutograph

28. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla POFF over time

29. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla M (V) diagram

30. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Quality aspects of natural surface runoff

31. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Upland processes

32. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Hydrology Erosion Plant Growth Nutrient Cycling Pesticide Dynamics Agricultural Management Upland Processes

33. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Root Zone Shallow (unconfined) Aquifer Vadose (unsaturated) Zone Confining Layer Deep (confined) Aquifer Precipitation Evaporation and Transpiration Infiltration/plant uptake/ Soil moisture redistribution Surface Runoff Lateral Flow Return Flow Revap from shallow aquifer Percolation to shallow aquifer Recharge to deep aquifer Flow out of watershed Hydrologic Balance

34. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla 2 10 8 4 0 0 9 6 3 12 Month LAI 12 6 Plant Growth

35. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla NO 3 - NH 4 + Soil Organic Matter NO 2 - manures, wastes and sludge ammonium fixation clay mineralization immobilization nitrification immobilization Symbiotic fixation NO 3 - anaerobic conditions N2N2ON2N2O NH 3 Atmospheric N fixation leaching fertilizer Harvest denitrification ammonia volatilization runoff Nitrogen Cycle

36. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Soil Organic Matter H 2 PO 4 - HPO 4 -2 manures, wastes and sludge mineralization immobilization fertilizer Harvest manures, wastes, and sludge Adsorbed and fixed Inorganic Fe, Al, Ca, and clay runoff Phosphorous Cycle

37. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Foliar Application Degradation Washoff Infiltration Leaching Runoff Surface Application Degradation Pesticide dynamics

38. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Erosion Effects on environmental quality and productivity Loss of organic matter, clay and nutrients reduces productivity Damage to plants Formation of rills and gullies affects management Sedimentation in waterways, diversions, terraces and ditches Delivery of nutrients to surface water

39. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Types of soil erosion

40. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Soil water erosion process Soil Sediment Load Sediment Transport Detachment Deposition

41. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Deposition Transport capacity = sediment load Sediment production less than transport capacity Deposition because sediment production exceeds transport capacity Hill slope Transport capacity Sediment load

42. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Erosion plot ©Ali Fares

43. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Erosion plot ©Ali Fares

44. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla ©Ali Fares

45. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla ©Ali Fares

46. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla USLE Universal Soil Loss Equation Wischmeier, W.H. and D.D. Smith. 1978. Predicting rainfall erosion losses. USDA Agriculture Handbook 537, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

47. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla USLE Universal Soil Loss Equation A = average annual soil loss (tons/acre year) R = rainfall and runoff erosivity index K = soil erodibility factor L = slope length factor S = slope steepness factor C= crop/management factor P = conservation or support practice factor

48. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla USLE Universal Soil Loss Equation Empirical model: –Analysis of observations –Seeks to characterize response from these data. Based on: –Rainfall pattern, soil type, topography, crop system and management practices. Predicts: –Long term average annual rate of erosion Subroutine in models such as: –SWRRB (Williams, 1975), EPIC (Williams et al., 1980), ANSWERS (Beasly et al., 1980), AGNPS (Young et al., 1989)

49. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla R (rainfall and runoff erosivity index) Erosion index (EI) for a given storm: –Product of the kinetic energy of the falling raindrops and its maximum 30 minute intensity. R factor =  EI over a year / 100

50. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Average annual values of the rainfall erosion index (R).

51. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla K (soil erodibility) Susceptibility of a given soil to erosion by rainfall and runoff. Depend on: –Texture, structure, organic matter content, and permeability. A =R x K x LS x C x P

52. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Soil-erodibility nomograph

53. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla LS (slope length-gradient) Ratio of soil loss under given conditions to that at a site with the "standard" slope and slope length. A =R x K x LS x C x P

54. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Standard USLE plot –22.1m (72.6 ft) long –9% slope –4m (13.12 ft) wide. ©Ali Fares

55. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Topographic LS factor

56. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla C (crop/management) Ratio of soil loss from land use under specified conditions to that from continuously fallow and tilled land. A =R x K x LS x C x P CropFactor Grain Corn0.40 Silage Corn, Beans & Canola0.50 Cereals (Spring & Winter)0.35 Seasonal Horticultural Crops0.50 Fruit Trees0.10 Hay and Pasture0.02 TillageFactor Fall Plow1.00 Spring Plow0.90 Mulch Tillage0.60 Ridge Tillage0.35 Zone Tillage0.25 No-Till0.25

57. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla P (conservation practices) Ratio of soil loss by a support practice to that of straight-row farming up and down the slope. A =R x K x LS x C x P Support PracticeP Factor Up & Down Slope1.00 Cross Slope0.75 Contour farming0.50 Strip cropping, cross slope0.37 Strip cropping, contour0.25

58. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla MUSLE Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation V = surface qp = is the peak flow rate K = erodibility factor C = crop management factor P = the erosion control practice factor LS = slope length and steepness factor.

59. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla MUSLE Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation The MUSLE was developed by replacing the rainfall- energy factor in the USLE with a runoff energy factor K, LS, C and P are the standard USLE factors MUSLE is e.g. used in SWAT

60. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla CONTOUR STRIP CROPPING Crawford CO

61. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla

62. Terracing & Contour Farming

63. Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla Contour croppingStrip cropping Buffer stripsVegitated creeks