1. Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat MonitoringBY
Alan Mainwaring and David Culler – Intel Research, Berkeley Intel Corporation
Joseph Polastre, Robert Szewczyk and David Culler – EECS Department University of California at Berkeley
John Anderson – College of the Atlantic Bar Harbor, Maine
                      
Wireless biological sensors placed in nests
A student uses the 'petrel peeper', a portable infrared video system,
to inspect a burrow. Students at Maine's College of the Atlantic are
using the data to learn more about Storm Petrels in their native habitat.

2. OUTLINE Requirements for Habitat Monitoring are Established
Design Requirements for Hardware, Sensor Network and Capabilities for Remote Data Access and Management are Determined
A System Architecture is Proposed to Address these Requirements
A Specific Instance of the Architecture is Presented for Monitoring Seabird Nesting Environments and Behavior
Results and Recommendations are Discussed

3. Habitat Monitoring Questions
What is the usage pattern of nesting burrows over hour cycle when one or both members of a breeding pair may alternate incubation duties with feeding at sea?
What changes can be observed in the burrow and surface environmental parameters during the course of the approximately 7 month breeding season(April-October)?
What are the differences in the micro-environments with and without large numbers of nesting petrals?

4. Habitat Monitoring Requirements
Minimal disturbance in monitoring
Simple, Easy deployment
Economical Method for Conducting Long Term Studies
FOR EXAMPLE ...

5. Existing Land-Atmosphere Observation Systems
10.
Existing Land-Atmosphere Observation Systems
Requires local power utilities
Requires miles of power cables
Expensive(~100k)
Takes weeks to deploy
Requires flat locations
Measurements are limited to tower footprints

6. Remote Sensing Requirements
Internet Access
Hierarchical Network (wireless capability)
Sensor Network Longevity (9-12 months)
Operating off-the-grid (bundled energy supplies)
Management at-a-distance (PDA – Query a Sensor, Adjust Param, Locate Devices)
Inconspicuous operation
System Behavior
In-situ Interactions
Sensors and Sampling
Data Archiving

7. Proposed System Architecture
Initial
Deployment
Strategy

8. Implementation Strategy

9. Sensor Network Node

10. Sensor Board

11. Energy Budget Panel Size in^2 = Total Watt Hours per Day x ____1_____
Peak Winter Hours W / in^2

12. Expected Lifetime

13. Sensor Deployment Packaging
Environmental Protective Packaging that Minimally Obstruct Sensing Functionality
GREAT IDEA…EXCEPT THE SIZE OF THE MICE WAS TOO LARGE TO FIT IN PETREL BURROWS!

14. Sensor Deployment Packaging
Environmental Protective Packaging that Minimally Obstruct Sensing Functionality

15. Patch Gateway
FIRST CHOICE : CerfCube Strong Arm embedded System Running Linux and b single hop
w/ CompactFlash b adapter 1GB Storage and Solar Panel 2.4GHz antenna
w/Range of 1000 feet
HOWEVER – b requires bidirectional link in MAC and has TCP/IP Overhead
And had 2 required 2 orders of magnitude more power than a mote

16. Base Station Installation (DBMS)
User Interfaces including a PDA

17. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

18. OTHER APPLICATION SERVICES
LOCALIZATION, TIME SYNCRONIZATION AND SELF CONFIGURATION

19. DATA SAMPLING AND COLLECTION

20. Communications
Power Efficient Communication Paradigms must include routing algorithms, medium access algorithms and managed hardware access tailored for efficient network communication while maintaining connectivity when required to source or relay packets. Future above ground nodes will have harvesting capabilities to enable node hop routing

21. Health Status Monitoring
Diagnostics such as voltage at periodic rates as opposed to only during transmission
(or Intelligent Schemes)

22. LATER ADVANCES

23. NEW WEATHER BOARD DESIGN
Mica Sensorboard The mica sensorboard can have these sensors:
temperature
photo
magnetomer
accelerometer
microphone
sounder (buzzer)

24. MICA 2

25. CALIBRATION

26. NEW PACKAGING