2. Heat Subsidy Shift Program in Russia William U. Chandler Director AISU, PNNL, USA Presented at U.S. Baltic Power Sector Investment Seminar. Vilnius, February 3-4, 2000

3. Major Problems of Heat Supply: Boilers Lack of financing and low fuel stocks Shortened heat supply season and lowered temperatures Absence of fuel and heat metering Shortage of qualified boiler personnel

4. Major Problems of Heat Supply: Networks High degree of wear Frequent failures Heat waste and leaks Insulation breaks and heat losses Disruption of efficient hydraulic regimes Multiplicity of owners

5. Major Problems of Heat Supply: Public Buildings Shortage of funds to pay for heat services Poor quality of heat supply Lack of heat meters Poor building insulation and maintenance Lack of qualified personnel Lack of financing to improve facilities’ energy efficiency 14 deg C indoor temperature Magadan

6. Why Subsidies? Salaries and pensions average only $100 and $20 per month High fuel-labor cost ratio Zero technical price elasticity (no meters, no valves) Complicated building ownership structure Political tool in election years

7. Heat Subsidies Share In Municipal Budgets: from 10 to 35%

8. Program Structure Regional legislation and policy Boiler house efficiency improvement Heat distribution system modernization Public buildings retrofits Residential building metering and efficiency Buildings Thermal Performance Standards Monitoring and verification systems

9. Program Development Process 1.Reach agreement with city administration 2.Collect and analyze data 3.Develop efficiency projects 4.Analyze economic and financial aspects 5.Identify financial options 6.Suggest policy solutions 7.Prepare feasibility study 8.Discuss options with city officials and potential lenders 9.Develop business plan 10.Organize project management and monitoring systems

10. Boiler-house efficiency  Improve management (data collection, certification & regulation of heat tariffs)  Equip boiler-houses with fuel and heat meters  Modernize boiler-houses  Switch to gas

11. Heat distribution system modernization  Meter heat provided by electric utilities and enterprises  Modernize heat distribution system  Upgrade heating points and pump-houses  Provide distribution system diagnostics and operations feedback

12. Energy efficiency in public buildings Building certification Energy audits Metering Thermal efficiency improvements Electrical efficiency improvements

13. Conducted All Over the Russian Federation Cheliabinsk Izevsk Yu.-SakhalinskZheleznogorsk

14. Shaking the Money Tree Subsidy shift--from fuel to capital Oblast budgets and regional efficiency funds Heat supply company investments Russian, foreign, and multilateral banks Consumer expenditures

15. The CENEf Subsidy Shift Mechanism Maximizes use of internal city financial resources Avoids additional tax burden and tariff increases First case: In 1997, Kostroma re-allocated $1.2 million to new budget item, “Energy conservation program” Replication: Many Russian cities now use the subsidy shift mechanism

16. Costs and Benefits: 15 Cities Annual heat subsidies210 million $US Total recommended six-year investment 340 million $US Estimated annual savings105 million $US

17. Savings Monitoring and Verification CENEf developed monitoring and verification systems for three Russian cities Each locality requires specific modifications in municipal budget planning, heat supply contracts, and program design These systems permit loan repayment from savings and to account for a balance between shifted subsidies and program savings.

18. Ending Financial Eclipse The Subsidy Shift Program: Eases municipal budget crisis Improves utility balance sheets Reduces economic waste Mitigates greenhouse gas emissions--as a side effect Last Eclipse of the Millennium (Photo: W. Chandler)