1. Electrostatics
…the branch of physics that studies the nature of charges that’s not moving

2. Static Electricity & Electric Current
How are they related?
What’s the difference in them?
How do they relate do the study of electricity?
Where (in our daily lives) do we see examples of their use?
Can you measure them? How?

4. ATOM BASICS
Neutral atoms contain equal number of positive protons and negative electrons
Only electrons move to create charges
When atoms lose electrons they become positively charged ions
Like charges repel and opposite charges attract

5. So…. When an object gains or loses electrons it becomes CHARGED!!!!
Charge is a property of particles
This force of attraction or repulsion between charged particles is called the ELECTRIC FORCE
And the fact that these + or – particles in matter carry electric charge, this is the basic idea of electricity

6. Unit of Charge
Charge of electron and proton are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign
Symbol for charge is q
SI unit of charge is the Coulomb (C)
1C = the charge of 6.25 x 1018 electrons
1 C = 6.25 billion billion electrons

7. Conservation of Charge
Net charge of an isolated system remains constant
When we charge something, no e- are created or destroyed, e- are simply transferred

8. Electric Charge is Quantized
An electrically charged object has an excess or deficiency of some whole number of electrons (cannot be divided into fractions)
Charge is said to be quantized, charge only occurs in discrete amounts

9. Charge interaction is a FORCE!

10. How much electrical force?
Coulomb’s Law
k = 8.99 x 109 N•m²/C²
If answer is negative: attracting force
If answer is positive: repelling force

11. Practice Problem!
Two balloons are charged with an identical quantity and type of charge: nC. They are held apart at a separation distance of 61.7 cm. Determine the magnitude of the electrical force of repulsion between them.
Felect = 9.23 x 10-7 N

12. So how can an object get charged?
Note: any 2 substances that are rubbed together can potentially become charged.
By Induction
By Friction &
By Contact

13. FRICTION Can cause charge separation
Electrons are stripped from one material and added to the other

14. Walking across wool carpet, leather soled shoes have less desire for electrons than the carpet. Electrons get stolen from the shoe by the carpet.  When the positively charged person gets near the metal door he will actually attract charges from the door which jump in the form of a spark.

15. STATIC ELECTRICITY
Electric charges that can be confined to an object OR
Electricity at rest OR
The presence of electric
charge +/- on the surface of
a material

16. Electroscope
Can be used to determine whether an object is electrically charged

17. Conductor Material through which electrons move freely
Examples: copper wire, copper penny, gold, aluminum foil
Metals are good conductors because they have free electrons

18. Insulator Material though which electrons do not move freely
Ex. Glass, air, rubber, wood, hair

19. It is easy to put a static charge on a insulator because
they stay where they are put

20. GROUNDING Removing a static charge by providing a path to the ground
Extra electrons move from negatively charged objects to ground until object is neutral
When positively charged object is grounded electrons move from the ground to neutralize positively charged object
Earth both accepts and furnishes electrons and remains neutral (symbol)

21. To put a charge on a conductor
Isolate it
Use an insulator to separate it from the ground

22. Pith balls and electroscopes detect electric charges
Pith balls and electroscopes detect electric charges. Both are made of metal to allow electrons to move freely, and both use insulators to isolate the metal parts from the ground.

23. WHAT DO YOU KNOW A material through which electrons move easily is:
A. an insulator
B. isolated
C. a conductor
D. grounding

24. And…
Electrostatic charges are often produced by friction between objects made of materials with
A. the same attraction for electrons
B. different attraction for electrons

25. What about..
Rubber has a greater attraction for electrons than wool. When rubber-soled shoes scuff across wool carpet, electrons are …
A. stripped from the carpet
B. stripped from the shoes
C. created
D. destroyed

26. And..
A ___________ can still be statically charged, even though it has been touched, because it is a ______________.
A. metal ball; conductor
B. metal ball; insulator
C. balloon, conductor
D. balloon, insulator

27. Induction
Transferring a charge without touching
Side of object closest to charging rod receives a charge opposite that of the rod
Charge separation is usually temporary

28. Contact or Conduction
If one of the object is charged & touches something that’s not charged, the 2nd object becomes charged
This is charge by contact.

29. Conduction Transferring a static charge by touching
Object receives a charge that is the same as the charging rod
Charge is permanent (if isolated)
Does object receive same charge or opposite charge of the object touching it?

30. object ends up similarly charged to the object used to charge it.
Charge by conduction
object ends up similarly charged to the object used to charge it.
Charge by induction
object ends up oppositely charged to the object used to charge it.

31. Van de Graff generator
Charge is transferred to a student by what which method of transfer?
He receives the _____ charge as the dome.
When he steps down, the charge goes through him to the earth. What is this called?
Great Explanation:

32. WATER AND PAPER
How can water and paper be attracted to both positive and negative rods?
The polar molecules turn so that the side closest to the rod is the opposite charge and attracts.

33. Why does a balloon stick to the wall after being rubbed with your hair?
Polar molecules on the wall’s surface are charged by induction

34. Lightning
Wind rubs the surface of the ground & buildings, air molecules pick up electrons from them and carry them to the sky
Ground becomes positively charged and the bottom of clouds become negatively charged
The clouds ,mostly consist of water vapor a good conductor, build up charge

35. Lightning
When charges are strong enough to flow through air (an insulator) then it takes the shortest course to get rid of excess charge

36. Field Force
Force that is exerted by one object on another even though there is no physical contact
Gravity and electric force are 2 examples
Electric forces can be either attractive or repulsive
Electric force is much stronger than gravity

37. Electric Field
Since electric force is an action-at-a-distance force an electric field surrounds every arrangement of charges
Has both magnitude and strength
The magnitude at any point is the force per unit of charge
E = F/q (Electric field = force ÷ charge)
SI unit = N/C (vector quantity)

38. Electric Field
By convention, a positive test charge (qo) is used to measure the field
Therefore vector arrows point to center of negatively charged object and point away from center of positively charged ball

39. Electric Field Strength
E = Fe = kqqo = kq
qo qor² r²
Note that electric field is produced by nearby charge and not the TEST charge
If q is positive, the field is directed outward
If q is negative, the field is directed inward

40. Electric Field Lines
Lines that represent both the magnitude and direction of the electric field
# of lines is proportional to electric field strength
Always drawn leaving a positive charge to a negative charge

41. Electric Fields

42. Potential Energy