1. Quadratic Theory Higher Maths

2. Quadratic Theory The quadratic graph Using the discriminant Quadratic theory examplesBasic skills questions Problem solving questionsPast paper questions Ans Click on a topic

3. In each of the diagrams below state whether (i) a>0 or a<0 (ii) b 2 -4ac 0 or b 2 -4ac=0 The quadratic graph y = ax 2 +bx +c Continued on next slide

5. Using the Discriminant In the solution of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 the solutions are given by The quantity b 2 - 4ac is important. It is called the discriminant. It can be used to tell what kind of roots the equation will have. The table on the next slide investigates this idea. Continued on next slide

6. Consider the following table. You are required to complete the table 10. f(x) = -3x 2 - x + 2 9. f(x) = 5x 2 + 3x - 2 8. f(x) = -2x 2 + 3x +1 7. f(x) = x 2 + 4x + 4 6. f(x) = 2x 2 + x + 6 5. f(x) = x 2 - 7x - 2 4. f(x) = 3x 2 + x - 4 3. f(x) = x 2 - 6x + 9 2. f(x) = x 2 + 2x + 5 65 -7 3 2 21. f(x) = 2x 2 + 3x - 7  c b aNumber of roots f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c See next slide before starting table

7. You could use the graphic calculator for this work if you wish. Enter the function in Y 1. Press ZOOM and select 6: ZStandard Draw each graph and determine the number of roots the quadratic has. Enter the values of a, b and c and evaluate . Examine the table carefully and make some conjectures about the connection between the value of b 2 - 4ac and the number of roots of the corresponding quadratic equation.

8. Quadratic Theory Examples [ y = ax 2 +bx +c ] 1.Choose one of either a > 0 or a < 0 and one of b 2 – 4ac > 0 b 2 – 4ac = 0 b 2 – 4ac < 0 corresponding to each of the six graphs below. Continued on next slide

9. 2.Use the discriminant b 2 – 4ac to find the nature of the roots of the equations below. a) 2x 2 – 7x + 1 = 0b) 5x 2 + 2x + 2 = 0 c) 9x 2 – 24x + 16 = 0d) x 2 + x + 7 = 0 e) 6x 2 – x – 1 = 0f) 3x 2 + 2x + 5 = 0 3.Examine the discriminant to see if the roots of the following equations are real, equal or imaginary. a)2x 2 – 5x – 1 = 0b)x 2 + x + 7 = 0 c)3x 2 – 18x + 27 = 0d)2x 2 + x + 1 = 0 4. Find k given that each of the following equations has equal roots. a)x 2 – 8x + k = 0 b)kx 2 – 12x + 9 = 0 c) x 2 + kx + 16 = 0 5.Find m if x 2 + 2mx + 9 = 0 has equal roots. Continued on next slide

10. 6.Find p if x 2 + (p + 1)x + 9 = 0 has real distinct roots. 7.Find p if (p + 1)x 2 – 2(p + 3)x + 3p = 0 has equal roots. 8.find c if x 2 + (x + c) 2 = 8 has equal roots. 9. Show that the roots of k(x + 1)(x + 4) = x are not real if 10.Find m if x 2 + (mx – 5) 2 = 9 has equal roots. 11.If = n form a quadratic equation in x and show that, for real x, n  – 3 or n  2. < k < 1 Solutions on next slide

11. Quadratics Solutions 1.i) a 0ii) a > 0 b 2 – 4ac < 0 iii) a > 0 b 2 – 4ac = 0iv) a < 0 b 2 – 4ac = 0 v) a > 0 b 2 – 4ac 0vi) a < 0 b 2 – 4ac < 0 2.a)  = 41roots are real and distinct b)  = – 36, no roots c)  = 0,roots are equal d)  = – 27, no roots e)  = 25, roots are real and distinct f)  = – 56, no roots Continued on next slide

12. 3.a)(–5 )2 – 4.2.(–1) = 33real roots b)12 – 4.1.7 = – 27imaginary roots c)(–18) 2 – 4.3.27 = 0equal roots d)12 – 3.2.1 = – 7imaginary roots 4.a)(–8) 2 – 4.1.k = 0, 64 – 4k = 0, k = 16 b)(–12) 2 – 4.k.9 = 0, 144 – 36k = 0, k = 4 c)k 2 – 4.1.16 = 0, k 2 = 64, k =  8 5.(2m) 2 – 4.1.9 = 0, 4m 2 = 36, m 2 = 9, m =  3 6.(p + 1) 2 – 4.1.9 > 0, (p + 1) 2 – 62 > 0, (p – 5)(p + 7) > 0 p 5 7.[–2(p + 3)] 2 – 4(p + 1)(3p) = 0 4(p 2 + 6p + 9) – 12p 2 – 12p = 0 4p 2 + 24p + 36 – 12p 2 – 12p = 0 2p 2 – 3p – 9 = 0 (p – 3)(2p + 3) = 0 p = – 3/2 or p = 3 Continued on next slide

13. 8.x 2 + (x + c) 2 = 8 2x 2 + 2cx + c 2 – 8 = 0 This has equal roots when (2c) 2 – 4(2)(c 2 – 8) = 0 4c 2 –8c 2 + 64 = 0 4c 2 = 64 c =  4 9.k(x + 1)(x + 4) = x kx 2 + (5k – 1)x + 4k = 0 This has imaginary roots if (5k – 1)2 – 4(k)(4k) < 0 25k 2 – 10k + 1 < 0 9k 2 – 10k + 1 < 0 (k – 1)(9k – 1) < 0 < k < 1 Continued on next slide

14. 10.x 2 + (mx – 5) 2 = 9 (m 2 + 1) – 10mx + 16 = 0 This has equal roots when (–10m) 2 – 4(m 2 + 1)(16) = 0 100m 2 – 64m 2 – 64 = 0 36m 2 – 64 = 0 9m 2 = 16 m =  4/3 11.x 2 + 4x + 10 = n(2x + 5) x 2 + (4 –2n)x + 10 – 5n = 0 This has real roots when (4 – 2n) 2 – 4(1)(10 – 5n)  0 16 – 16n + 4n 2 – 40 + 20n  o 4n 2 + 4n – 24  o n 2 + n – 6  0 (n + 3)(n – 2)  0 n  – 3 or n  2

15. Quadratic theory - Basic skills questions

19. Basic skills - Solutions

20. Quadratic Theory – Problem solving questions

24. Quadratic Theory Exam Level Questions/ Past Paper questions. 1. For what values of ‘p’ does the equation x 2 – 2x + p = 0 have equal roots. 2. Show that the roots of the quadratic (k-2)x 2 – (3k-2)x + 2k = 0 are always real. 3. If ‘k’ is a real number show that the roots of the equation kx 2 + 3x + 3 = k are always real. 4. The roots of the equation (x+1)(x+k) = -4 are equal. Find the value of ‘k’. 5.Find the values of ‘k’ for which the equation 2x 2 + 4x – k = 0 has equal roots. 6. Calculate the least positive integer ‘k’ so that the graph shown does not cut or touch the x axis. y = kx 2 -8x + k (0,k)

25. 7. Show that the equation (1-2k)x 2 – 5kx - 2k = 0 has real roots for all integer values of ‘k’. 8.For what values of ‘k’ has the equation x 2 – 5x + (k+6) = 0 have equal roots? 9. If f(x) = 2x+1 and g(x) = x 2 + k, show that the equation g(f(x)) – f(g(x)) = 0 reduces to 2x 2 + 4x – k = 0 and find the value of ‘k’ for which this equation has equal roots. What kind of roots does this equation have when k=6? 10. For what values of ‘k’ does the equation 5x 2 – 2x + k = 0 have real roots? 11.For what value of ‘a’ does the equation ax 2 + 20x + 40 = 0 have equal roots? 12. Find ‘p’ given that the equation x 2 + (px – 5) 2 = 9, has equal roots.

26. 13.Given that, form a quadratic equation in x and hence show that if or then the roots of the equation are real. 14.Find ‘m’ if the equation (2m-1)x 2 + (m+1)x + 1 = 0 has equal roots. If m lies between these values find the nature of the roots. 15.Show that the roots of the equation k(x+1)(x+4) = x are not real if <k<1. 16. Find ‘k’ given that the equation kx 2 + (2k+1)x + k = 0 has equal roots. 17. If ‘k’ is a real number, show that the roots of the equation, are always real.

27. 18.For what values of ‘k’ does the equation x(x-4) + 2 = k(2x – 3k) have real roots? 19.Show that the line y = x + c meets the parabola y = x 2 – 3x where x 2 – 4x – c = 0. Find the value of ‘c’ if the line is a tangent to the parabola. 20.Find the value of ‘n’ if the equation, is to have equal roots.

28. Answers – Exam level questions Q1. p = 1 Q2. (k+2) 2 is always greater than or equal to 0 because it is a quantity squared. Q3. (2k-3) 2 is always greater than or equal to 0 because it is a quantity squared. Q4. k = 5, k = -3 Q5. k = -2 Q6. No roots if k 4 therefore the smallest positive integer k is k = 5 Q7. b 2 – 4ac = 0 when k=0 or k = -8/9 therefore real for all integer values of k. Q8. k = 0.25 Q9. k = -2 ; If k = 6 there are two real distinct roots. Q10. k Q11. a = 2.5 Q12. p = 4/3, p = -4/3 Q13. n 2 or n -3 Q14. m = 1, 5 Q15. No roots for <k<1

29. Q16. k = -1/4 Q17. Roots are not always real. The roots are real if k 2 or k Q18. Real roots if k is between (1-  2) and (1+  2) Q19. c = -4 Q20. n = 0 and n = 3