2.  Abandon the site and locate the structure elsewhere  Design deep foundations to carry the weight of the structure to competent stratum  Redesign the structure according to the ground conditions  Improve the properties of the ground prior to construction

3.  Densification of the ground, E.g.: Compaction  Accelerate the consolidation, E.g.: Vertical drains  Usage of geo synthetics, E.g.: Geotextiles  Usage of admixtures, E.g.: Cement stabilization  Preloading  Mechanical Stabilization Ground improvement is the modification of the ground properties in order to achieve the required ground conditions for the particular use of the ground.

4. STONE COLUMN TECHNOLOGY

5.  It is also known as Vibro replacement or Vibro displacement  Compacted aggregates form as a vertical columns to improve the soil conditions.  Resulting in considerable increase in vertical load capacity and to an extent contribute to as drains to dissipate pore water pressure.

6. Two methods of stone columns:  Wet / Top Feed Method  Dry / Bottom Feed Method

7.  Step 1 : Penetration of probe  Step 2 : Backfilling of aggregate and compacting  Step 3 : Consolidation of granular fill and finishing the column Vibro Probe

8.  Step 1 : Penetration of probe  Step 2 : Installation of aggregate through separate duct along the vibro probe  Step 3 : Consolidation of granular fill and finishing the column

11.  Technically and potentially economical alternative for deep compaction.  Alternative for dynamic compaction, deep blasting etc.,  Quicker than preloading the site  It increases the bearing capacity, reduces the settlements, liquefaction potential.

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