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Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan: A Voluntary or Forced Decision B12670 SATO AI.

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Presentation on theme: "Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan: A Voluntary or Forced Decision B12670 SATO AI."— Presentation transcript:

1 Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan: A Voluntary or Forced Decision B12670 SATO AI

2 さて、ようやく、私 の成長戦略の中核で ある「女性の活躍」 について、お話させ ていただきます ( Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet 2013 )

3 「社会のあらゆる 分野で 2020 年まで に指導的地位に女 性が占める割合を 30 %以上とする」 という大きな目標 があります。 ( Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet 2013 )

4 いまだに、多くの 女性が、育児をと るか仕事をとるか という二者択一を 迫られている現実 があります。 ( Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet 2013 )

5 仕事で活躍している女 性も、家庭に専念して いる女性も、すべての 女性が、その生き方に 自信と誇りを持ち、輝 けるような日本をつ くっていきたいと思い ます ( Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet 2013 )

6 Global Gender Gap Report 2013 in 136 ( WEF 2013) 105 th

7 Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan: A Voluntary or Forced Decision? 日本における出産後の退職は自発的行為か、それとも強制され た決断か ?

8 1.Defining Terms 2.Evidence for a Voluntary 3.Evidence for a Forced Decision 4.Analysis 5.Conclusion

9 1.Defining Terms 2.Evidence for a Voluntary 3.Evidence for a Forced Decision 4.Analysis 5.Conclusion

10 1.Defining Terms Voluntary: Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will -OXFORD

11 1.Defining Terms Forced: Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power -OXFORD the use of threats or orders to make someone do something they do not want to do coercion

12 Paraphrase the title: -Do women really have a choice? -Are they effectively forced out of the workforce?

13 1.Defining Terms 2.Evidence for a Voluntary 3.Evidence for a Forced Decision 4.Analysis 5.Conclusion

14 2.Evidence for a Voluntary 2.1 A monetary merit 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles 2.3 Japanese women have choices

15 2.Evidence for a Voluntary 2.1 A monetary merit 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles 2.3 Japanese women have choices

16 2.1 A monetary merit Exemption for spouse :配偶者控除 No income or an income of just over a million yen a year Wives do not need to pay tax Husbands are cut off tax amount

17 2.1 A monetary merit ( Cabinet office 2012 ) Figure1 「妻の今後の就労意向」(子育て中の妻) Voluntary: Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will

18 Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan is a voluntary

19 2.Evidence for a Voluntary 2.1 A monetary merit 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles 2.3 Japanese women have choices

20 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles

21 ■ 賛成、どちらかといえば賛成◆反対、どちらかといえば反対 ▲ どちらでもない ( Cabinet office Danjo Kyôdô Sankaku Kyoku 2013) Figure2 「夫は外で働き,妻は家庭を守るべきである」という考えをどう思 うか?

22 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles ■ 賛成、どちらかといえば賛成◆反対、どちらかといえば反対 ▲ どちらでもない ( Cabinet office Danjo Kyôdô Sankaku Kyoku 2013) Figure3 「夫は外で働き,妻は家庭を守るべきである」という考えをどう思 うか?

23 ( Yomiuri shimbun 2009 ) 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles

24 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles Voluntary: Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will ( Asahi shimbun Digital 2012 ) Figure4 「夫は外で働き、妻は家庭を守るべきか?」

25 Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan is a voluntary

26 2.Evidence for a Voluntary 2.1 A monetary merit 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles 2.3 Japanese women have choices

27 in136 (WEF 2013) 4 th

28 2.3 Japanese women have choices Gender Gap Subindexes 2013 (0.00=INEQUALITY, 1.00=EQUALITY) Sweden Japan Labour force participation.................................... 0.93 0.74 ( 就労率 ) (WEF 2013)

29 2.3 Japanese women have choices 日本では、「専業主婦」というと社会 的に立派な役割を果たしていることが ある程度認められています。・・・と ころがスウェーデンでは、 Hemmafru( 家にいる婦人)を評価して きませんでした。 ( Nihonkeizaishimbun 2013 ) Voluntary: Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will

30 Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan is a voluntary

31 1.Defining Terms 2.Evidence for a Voluntary 3.Evidence for a Forced Decision 4.Analysis 5.Conclusion

32 3.Evidence for a Forced Decision 3.1 Lack of Nursery School 3.2 Maternity Harassment 3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan

33 3.Evidence for a Forced Decision 3.1 Lack of Nursery School 3.2 Maternity Harassment 3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan

34 3.1 Lack of Nursery School 平成 24 年 10 月 1 日 【待機児童状況のポイント】 ○ 保育所入所待機児童数は 46,127 人で平成 23 年 10 月 と比較し 493 人減少した。 ○ 平成 24 年 4 月の待機児増数 24,825 人から、 21,302 人増加( 1.8 倍)した。 ( Health, Labour and Welfare Ministry 2012 ) Forced: Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power

35 Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan is A Forced decision

36 3.Evidence for Forced Decision 3.1 Lack of Nursery School 3.2 Maternity Harassment 3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan

37 3.2 Maternity Harassment (NHK 2013)

38 3.2 Maternity Harassment ある女性は退職願の書類を手に持っていた。 この書類は、彼女が育児休暇から戻ったあ と、雇用主に契約を延長することは出来な いと言って 渡されたものであった。記入を求 められた退職願の理由欄には「労 働契約期間満了」と下書きがあっ た。 (Yomiuri shimbun 2013 )

39 3.2 Maternity Harassment % of pregnant workers experienced Maternity Harassment (NHK 2013) 25. 6 Forced: Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power

40 Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan is A Forced decision

41 3.Evidence for Forced Decision 3.1 Lack of Nursery School 3.2 Maternity Harassment 3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan

42 In 2012,the rate of men who took childcare leaves in Japan was… Men % 1.89 (Asahi shimbun Digital 2013)

43 3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan HouseworkMenWomen Cleaning house Cooking Washing dishes 5.2% 2.1% 4.5% 75.6% 85.2% 74.7% ( Kanbara2009.95 ) Forced: Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power Figure 5 「家庭における家事分担」

44 Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan is A Forced decision

45 1.Defining Terms 2.Evidence for a Voluntary 3.Evidence for a Forced Decision 4.Analysis 5.Conclusion

46 4.Analysis Evidence for a Voluntary 2.1 A monetary merit 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles 2.3 Japanese women have choices

47 4.Analysis Figure1 「妻の今後の就労意向」 ( Cabinet office 2011 )

48 4.Analysis 2.1 A monetary merit Exemption for spouse :配偶者控除 No income or an income of just over a million yen a year 103 万の壁

49 4.Analysis 2.1 A monetary merit 103 万円=給与所得控除( 65 万円)と基礎控除( 38 万円) ( NPO Seimê Hoken Centre 2013) Figure6 「 103 万の壁?」 Voluntary: Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will

50 4.Analysis 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles

51 4.Analysis 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles ( Mainabi 2012) Figure7 「専業主婦になりたいですか?」( 20~29 歳の働く未婚女性を 対象)

52 4.Analysis Voluntary: Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will Figure8 「ライフイベントによる女性の就業形態の変化」 ( Cabinet office Danjo Kyôdô Sankaku Kyoku 2013) 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” idea

53 4.Analysis 日本では、「専業主婦」というと社会 的に立派な役割を果たしていることが ある程度認められています。・・・と ころがスウェーデンでは、 Hemmafru( 家にいる婦人)を評価して きませんでした。 ( Nihon Keizai Shimbun2013 ) 2.3 Japanese women have choices

54 4.Analysis 2.3 Japanese women have choices Figure9 「女性の年齢層別労働力率の国際比較」 ( Nikkei BP Net 2012 )

55 4.Analysis Sweden Japan Estimated earned income (PPP US$)....................... 0.93 0.57 (およその勤労取得) Legislators, senior officials and managers............ 0.48 0.10 (国会議員、上級職員、経営者) Professional and technical workers........................ 1.06 0.85 (専門家や技術者) 2.3 Japanese women have choices Voluntary: Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will (WEF 2013)

56 4.Analysis Evidence for a Forced Decision 3.1 Lack of Nursery School 3.2 Maternity Harassment 3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan

57 4.Analysis 平成 24 年 10 月 1 日 【待機児童状況のポイント】 ○ 保育所入所待機児童数は 46,127 人で平成 23 年 10 月 と比較し 493 人減少した。 ○ 平成 24 年 4 月の待機児増数 24,825 人から、 21,302 人増加( 1.8 倍)した。 ( Health, Labour and Welfare Ministry 2012 ) 3.1 Lack of Nursery School

58 4.Analysis 3.1 Lack of Nursery School Forced: Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power ( Health, Labour and Welfare Ministry 2012 ) Figure10 「都道府県別 待機児童数」

59 4.Analysis 3.2 Maternity Harassment

60 Figure11 「妊娠・出産前後に退職した理由」 Forced: Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power ( Cabinet office 2012 )

61 4. Analysis HouseworkMenWomen Cleaning house Cooking Washing dishes 5.2% 2.1% 4.5% 75.6% 85.2% 74.7% ( Kanbara2009.95 ) 3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan Figure5 「家庭における家事分担」

62 4.Analysis 3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan Forced: Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power Figure 12 「 6 歳未満児をもつ夫の家事・育児時間( 1 日当たり)」 ( Cabinet office 201 2)

63 1.Defining Terms 2.Evidence for a Voluntary 3.Evidence for a Forced Decision 4.Analysis 5.Conclusion

64 4.Analysis Evidence for a Voluntary 2.1 A monetary merit →× 2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles →× 2.3 Japanese women have choices → △ Evidence for a Forced Decision 3.1 Lack of Nursery School → △ 3.2 Maternity Harassment → △ 3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan →○

65 5. Conclusion Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan: a Voluntary or Forced Decision A Forced Decision

66 1.Defining Terms 2.Evidence for a Voluntary 3.Evidence for a Forced Decision 4.Analysis 5.Conclusion Thank you for listening !


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