1. Geographical profiling and serial murder in the UK As serial murder offending spaces evolve, does geographical profiling matter? Prof Craig A. Jackson Head of Division of Psychology School of Social Sciences Faculty of Education, Law & Social Sciences

2. Convicted UK Serial Murderers Drivers / Travellers Authority /Respectability HealthCare Unemployed / Petty crime Archibald HallJohn HaighBeverley AllitSteve Grieveson Peter SutcliffeMichael CopelandHarold ShipmanPeter Manuel John DuffyGeorge ChapmanColin NorrisKenneth Erskine David MulcahyReg ChristieNeil CreamPatrick Mackay Fred WestSteven GriffithsJohn Bodkin-AdamsColin Ireland Peter MooreIan BradyTrevor Hardy Robert BlackMyra HindleyGeorge Smith Levi BellfieldDennis NilsenMark Martin Peter TobinRose West Steve WrightMichael Kitto

3. Current serial murder hunt: UK Stepping Hill Hospital 3 inpatients murdered over 3 weeks 44yr female 84yr male 71yr male Insulin overdose via saline tampering Arrest of 27yr Female nurse Rebecca Leighton Remanded for 1 month Released - no grounds for prosecution Offender space VictimsUn-subSuspect 4000 staff 700 possible unsubs

4. Serial offender investigations

5. Overview Consider failings of offender profiling Assess development of Geo profiling Consider importance of work & working apropos crimes Don't understand the offenders - understand the environment The role and context of driving, remoteness & isolation Personality trait influences upon career selection Placing serial murderers in broader categories neglected Occupational typographies of UK serial murderers

6. I was worried about John... Night-terrors Emotional breakdown Paranoia Cardiovascular problems

7. Wellbeing of Law Enforcement Health effects of high profile murder investigations Soham murders: SIO Chris Stevenson James Bulger murder: SIO Albert Kirkby Ipswich ripper murders: SIO Roy Lambert Cromwell Street murders: SIO John Bennett Team of 47 detectives Sought proactive "Stress Counselling” Some accepted – others did not Upon retirement, He did one more investigation...

8. Side-tracked

9. Think about "work" LabelIdentity Judge others & selves Five days per week Fifty years of life Voluntarily trapped Larry D Hall Civil War Re-enactment Cary Stayner Forestry worker Westonaria serial murderer "Taxi driver" Muldersdrift rapist Offering work Train worker

10. Impact of working Work leaves imprint on most people Physical, Psychological, Behavioural, Linguistic Imprints van be specific to specific: OccupationProcessesCompaniesChemicals Industrial "acute" injury - scars, removals, mutilations Chronic disease / effects - mesothelioma, COPD, hearing loss

11. Dennis Rader aka BTK Service in USAF ADT home security installer (1980s) Graduate Kansas State University (Computer science) Scout Leader (1980s 1990s) Church Minister City compliance officer (1990s)

12. Work assisting investigations Latitude & independence Manifests Skills / Training e.g. knots, ligatures, chemicals, processes butchery, stalking, record-snooping Tools - imprints, technique, misuse, tapes, chemicals

13. Jokes with colleagues / Boasts Stories / Narratives / Slips Sickness absence data Pre-employment interview / medical assessment Colleague hunches and suspicions Offending space within work duties Work assisting investigations

14. Existing routine data Shift routines Occ diseases - lung, spine, extremities Modifications - vehicles, posture Near misses Warnings / disciplinary procedures Complaints / investigations Annual leave / compassionate leave Sickness absence Days, spells, duration, clusters, shot v long, weekends

15. John Snow - Broad Street Pump

16. Pioneer of Geographic Profiling Prof. Stuart Kind UK govt scientist & academic Home Office Central Research Establishment Accidentally invented geo profiling Realised maps of serial crimes could predict base Before term "offender profiling" even used Led to "Lawrence Byford" report

17. (Geographic) Profiling Systems HOLMES CATCHEM VICAP VICLAS DRAGNET Reductionist Data-Driven Hypothetico-Deductive

18. Pioneer of Geographic Profiling "In a few hours, using techniques he learned as a Royal Air Force wartime navigator, he mapped the dates and times of the killings, trying to determine the centre of gravity of the attacks. He realised the killer needed darkness and was trying to mislead the police as to his operational base. But Kind knew the Ripper had to return to his home as soon as possible to avoid capture near the crime scene. He deduced that the earlier in the evening an attack happened, the further away from "home" the killer was. Very late attacks happened close to his base, so he could return home quickly."

19. Geo Profile #1 Yorkshire ripper attacks 5th Jul 1975 - 17th Nov 1980 20 attacks 13 deaths Killer returns to same base Early eve attacks far from base HQ is Manningham or Shipley

20. Geo Profile #1 Assumptions Had a singe base Had access to a vehicle Knew areas well Had legitimate reason to be "mobile" Offending space

21. Offending Space Structural approach Context and background of offender Not ignoring victimology Leyton's homicidal protest 1000,000 remote / isolated workers in UK (Crawford & Jackson) HQ visit median 11 days

22. Offending spaces Bulger murder & Soham murderers Changed parenting style Child victim access harder Stranger-murder; victims changed to: Sex workers Elderly Runaways Gay men Migrants Workplace: one of new hunting grounds Legitimate access / authority / alibi Wilson & Jones 2007 Thinking Feeling Fantasising Doing

23. Offending spaces are changing New ways of working New jobs / technology / services Remote / Isolated working 1000,000 in UK More people working more hours More flexibility required CCTV ANPR

24. Geo Profile #2 Washington Snipers 2002 Assumed single sniper Assumed anchor point somewhere

25. Anchor Points The base, home or HQ of offender Profiling harder if above defied "Safe space" "Psychological base" En route Jobs, second homes, Multiple vehicles

26. Anchor Points Railway rapists 1982-1985

27. Geo Profile #3 Robert Black 1982-1986 Younger abductees travel further before struggling Midland Triangle PDS Moving Target

28. Geo Profile #4 Simon Wadland 1988-1992 Bizarre phone calls 9am -5pm Mons & Tues

29. The role of work

30. Holland's RIASEC model Individuals actively "search" for jobs to match interests Pairing of Individual and Job When pairing succeeds, individuals are satisfied When pairing does not match, individual will look around Describes Personalities & Environments Personality type gives clue to their ideal work environment Holland 1997

31. RIASEC Model "Conventional"Organiser "Investigative"Thinker "Enterprising"Persuader "Artistic”Creator Holland 1997 Relates to both PERSONALITY and ENVIRONMENT "Social"Helper "Realistic"Doer

32. "Realistics" Practical individuals ConformistOrdered Prefer objects and tools Not keen on concepts or abstracts Heuristics-driven Mechanic, Labourer, Driver

33. "Investigatives" ObservationalAnalyticalIndependentIntellectualProblem-solving Scientific, Technical, Engineering, Research

34. "Artistics" Similar to "Investigative" Prefers objectives Enjoys manipulation & freedom of media Prefers feasts rules / structural hierarchy Painting, Decorator, Designer, Journalist, Writer

35. RIASEC Model Holland 1997 Relates to both PERSONALITY and ENVIRONMENT "Conventional"Organiser "Investigative"Thinker "Enterprising"Persuader "Artistic”Creator "Social"Helper "Realistic"Doer ideas data peoplethings Prediger's dimensions

36. Trait influences on Job choice Realist Social Artistic types Recollections of childhood preferences, vocation choice were predictive of job characteristics Traits at childhood & adolescence predictive of job 40 years later Kasler & Novo 2005 Woods & Hampson 2011

37. Workplace deviance Safe testing ground for deviant behaviours Boundary testing Rebelliousness Grounded anchor to reality Funds crimes Alibis Excitement of outwitting authority Social structure and stability reassures

38. Proactive use of workplaces OffenceDiscoveryInvestigationArrestEvidence OffenceDiscoveryInvestigationArrestEvidence

39. The age of transit Structural approach Context and background of offender Not ignoring victims Leyton's homicidal protest HQ visit median 11 days

40. Growth of car Traveling serial murderer 1960s 1970s boom in car ownership Expanding road network Midlands home of car manufacture Cheapest ownership in UK Social protests at work and de-skilling of Midlands man Prostitutes chased from urban streets by angry residents

41. Transport links Midlands triangle Intersection cities Increase get away options / confusion Decrease linkage likelihood Midlands prostitute murders of 1980s 1990s Multiple Police force boundaries

42. Vehicles - mobile anchor points Essential hunting tool for sexually motivated Psychological refuge place Vital in folie a deux - teamwork not paired together Crosses boundaries Increases linkage blindness (Keppel & Birnes 2003) Change vehicles increase further Ford Capri; Corsair; Sunbeam Rapier; Rover 3.5 Access offending areas / sites

43. The age of transit Jacques Lantier and "Lison" in La Bete Humaine, Emile Zola (1890)

44. The age of transit

46. "Realistics" and their toys

47. Structural approach: vehicle use Enables trolling / stalking Fantasy space - anchor point Covert trial runs Extends Offending space Valid reason for solitude / Alibi Authority / Respectable Drops likelihood of victim being related to offender

48. Summary Working and Workplace rich source of data Coupled with Geo Profiles IF conditions optimal Evolution of serial murders creates conditions not suitable for geo profiling Placing serial murderers in broader categories neglected Impact of Occupational choice upon serial murderers Evolution of "offending space" models, incorporates more time alone in role of work

49. References Byford L, 1981, The Yorkshire Ripper Case, review of the police investigation. HMSO. Canter D, 2003, Mapping Murder: the secrets of geographical profiling. Virgin, London. Crawford J, MacCalman L, Jackson CA. 2011, In Depth Review: The Health and Wellbeing of Remote and Mobile Workers. Occup Medicine, 61: 385-394 Jackson CA, Wilson D, Kaur-Rana B. 2011, The usefulness of criminal profiling. Criminal Justice Matters, 84: 6-7. Kind S, 1987, 'Navigational ideas and the Yorkshire Ripper investigation', Journal of Navigation, 40, pp. 385-393. Kind S, 1987, The Scientific Investigation of Crime, Forensic Sciences Services Ltd. Snook B, 2003, Serial Crime andDistance: an analysis of serial offender spatial analysis. Unpublished PhD thesis - University of Liverpool Wilson D, Jackson CA, Kaur-Rana B. 2010' Against the Medical-Psychological Tradition of Understanding Serial Killing by Studying the Killers. Amicus Journal, 22: 8-16.