1. VCE Legal Studies Murder

2. 2 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 1. What is sentencing? What laws guide a judge when sentencing? What types of sentences can be given in Victoria? Photo: John French / Courtesy of The Age Chief Justice Marilyn Warren of the Supreme Court of Victoria

3. 3 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 Who is responsible for sentencing? In Australia, responsibility for sentencing is spread between three groups Parliament ~ makes the laws ~ Government ~ puts laws into operation ~ Courts ~ interpret the laws ~  Creates offences and decides what the maximum penalties will be  Makes the rules the courts must apply to cases  Sets up punishments for judges and magistrates to use  Apply the law within the framework set up by parliament  Set specific sentences for individual offenders  Correctional authorities (e.g. prisons) – control offenders after sentencing  Adult Parole Board – supervises offenders who are on parole

4. 4 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 Where is sentencing law found? Sentencing Act 1991 Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 Common law – previous court judgements Various Acts and Regulations creating particular offences, e.g.: –Crimes Act 1958 deals with a range of crimes including injury offences –Road Safety Act 1986 deals with offences related to driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol.

5. 5 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 Types of sentences  imprisonment  drug treatment order (max 2 years)  suspended sentence of imprisonment (max 3 years – higher courts; 2 years – Magistrates’ Court)  community correction order  fine  adjourned undertaking Most severe Least severe

6. 6 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 2. Sentencing theory What must a judge consider when deciding what sentence to impose? Source: Victorian Sentencing Manual, Judicial College of Victoria

7. 7 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 Purposes of sentencing These are the ONLY purposes for which sentences might be given Sentencing Act 1991, s 5(1) PURPOSES OF SENTENCING Protect the community Deterrence Rehabilitation Denunciate Fair punishment

8. 8 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 Principle of parsimony Sentencing Act 1991, ss 5(3), 5(4), 5(6), 5(7) Judges should choose the most straight-forward solution when sentencing Parsimony ~ taking extreme care in using resources ~ If a choice of punishment exists a judge should take care to choose the least severe option that will achieve the purposes of sentencing Example If there is a choice between imposing a fine or a community correction order, a fine should be imposed

9. 9 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 Factors that must be considered Maximum penalty & current sentencing practice Type of offence & how serious Offender’s degree of responsibility & culpability Victim Aggravating or mitigating factors Relevant Acts of Parliament & statistical data Factors making the crime worse, intention, effects, method, motive, weapons, role the offender played Prior offences, age, gender, race, culture, character, mental state, alcohol, drugs, gambling, personal crisis, guilty plea Impact of crime on victim (e.g. psychological or physical trauma), material or financial loss Factors that increase or lessen the seriousness of the crime Victim impact statement Sentencing Act 1991, s 5(2AC(2)) Factors that must be considered when sentencing

10. 10 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 Victim impact statements If a court finds a person guilty, a victim of the offence may make a victim impact statement A victim impact statement contains details of any injury, loss or damage suffered by the victim as a direct result of the offence A person who has made a VIS can request that it be read aloud during the sentencing hearing

11. 11 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 How long is a sentence really? Cumulative or concurrent? Cumulative sentences are sentences for two or more crimes that run one after the other e.g. 2 x 5-year prison sentences served cumulatively = 10 years in prison Concurrent sentences are sentences for two or more crimes that run at the same time e.g. 2 x 5-year prison sentences served concurrently = 5 years in prison The head sentence is the sentence given for each crime before a non-parole period is set The total effective sentence (TES) is the total sentence for all crimes once they have been made cumulative or concurrent

12. 12 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 Non-parole period Non-parole period is set by the court and is the part of the sentence the offender has to serve in prison before being eligible for parole A non-parole period must be fixed for sentences of 2 years or more A non-parole period may be fixed for sentences of 1–2 years A non-parole period cannot be fixed for sentences of less than 1 year Parole is the release of a prisoner before the end of a sentence, subject to certain conditions (e.g. regular reporting to parole officer), to help him or her settle back into the community

13. 13 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 3. The crime and the time What is ‘murder' and what is the maximum penalty? Photo: Trevor Poultney

14. 14 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 Murder Maximum penalty A person who intentionally causes the death of another person is guilty of the indictable offence of murder Level 1 imprisonment (life) or imprisonment for such other term as is fixed by the court Crimes Act 1958, s 3

15. 15 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 Murder - People sentenced

16. 16 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 Total effective sentence & non-parole period

17. 17 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 4. The case What are the facts of this case?

18. 18 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 The offender Tony Prior is a 22-year old man and was 20 at the time of the offence He is described as placid and easygoing Over 3-4 years Prior became morbidly obsessed about death and committing murder He has a verbal IQ of 71 and failed at school Since leaving school he has been a successful cabinet maker He has been found guilty of one count of murder

19. 19 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 The crime 1 Tony Prior and his good friend Brook Tanner were drinking beer at a mutual friend’s place Prior produced a hunting knife he had earlier stolen and told his friends that he needed it for protection Soon after Prior and Tanner returned to their own flat In an unprovoked attack, Prior stabbed Tanner a number of times Tanner broke free and staggered out onto the road where passers-by administered first aid and called an ambulance Meanwhile Prior slashed his own throat and wrists and stabbed himself in the chest

20. 20 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 The crime 2 He then called 000, saying that he needed serious help and that he had tried killing a friend with a knife Prior showed no concern for the fate of his friend but concentrated on his own predicament Meanwhile police and ambulance had arrived in response to the calls of passers-by Tanner died in hospital an hour later Prior was treated for his wounds in hospital and underwent psychiatric examinations

21. 21 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 Factors for consideration Prior pleaded guilty as soon as it was determined that he was not mentally impaired From the age of 15 Prior downloaded grotesque and depraved images and materials from the internet At all times Prior frankly admitted responsibility for his actions and never blamed alcohol and drugs for his actions Despite his difficulties at school, Prior’s teachers found him polite and easy to deal with Prior is single and has a full-time job He has no previous convictions He has expressed remorse, albeit qualified, for his actions

22. 22 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 5. The sentence What sentence would you give? Photo: Department of Justice

23. 23 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 You decide … What sentence would you give? If imprisonment, what would be the head sentence and non-parole period? If a partially suspended sentence, what would be the length of sentence and operational period? If a totally suspended sentence, what would be the length of sentence and operational period?

24. 24 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 The maximum penalty Murder A person who intentionally causes the death of another person is guilty of the indictable offence of murder, which carries the maximum penalty of: Level 1 imprisonment (life) or imprisonment for such other term as is fixed by the court Tony Prior, guilty of one count of murder, could receive: a possible maximum of imprisonment for life Crimes Act 1958, s 3

25. 25 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 What the trial judge decided Tony Prior’s case, Supreme Court Count: Murder20 years’ imprisonment Non-parole period 15 years Already servedThe 671 days Prior had already spent in prison are to be reckoned as served under the sentence Trial judge’s comment ‘...it is important that the sentence that is imposed on you be sufficient to constitute an appropriate denunciation by this Court of your crime, and to properly uphold the sanctity of human life in our community. It is also necessary that the sentence which is imposed on you be of sufficient magnitude to deter other like-minded persons from resorting to lethal violence to satisfy their violent impulses. In addition, it is necessary to impose a sentence which will be sufficiently long to enable you, hopefully, to gain appropriate insight into your wrongdoing, and into the underlying causes which precipitated you into the events of that fateful night.’

26. 26 Sentencing Advisory Council, 2012 6. Conclusion Effective sentencing achieves a balance between the interests of society, the concerns of the victim and the best interests of the offender. The more information society has about crimes and the people involved in them, the more reasonable it is in its demands about sentencing. Photo: Department of Justice