1. GIS 1 Geographic Coordinates

2. GIS 2 Geographic Coordinate System Spherical coordinates based on angles of rotation of a radius anchored at earth’s center Latitude and longitude Used by many world and federal agencies (e.g. U.S. Census Bureau)

3. GIS 3 Lat/Long coordinates Degrees, minutes, and seconds (DMS): 40° 26′ 2″ N latitude 80° 0′ 58″ W longitude Decimal degrees (DD) 1 degree = 60 minutes, 1 minute = 60 seconds 40° 26′ 2″ = 40 + 26/60 + 2/3600 = 40 +.43333 +.00055 = 40.434°

4. GIS 4 Lat/long coordinates Translated to distance 1° = 24,859.82 / 360 = 69.1 miles 1′ = 24,859.82 / (360 * 60) = 1.15 miles 1″ = 24,859.82 * 5,280 / (360 * 3,600) = 101 feet World circumference through the poles is 24,859.82 miles Length of the equator is 24,901.55 miles

5. GIS 5 Longitude lines ° Longitude (prime meridian) 0

6. GIS 6 Prime Meridian (Greenwich England)

7. GIS 7 Latitude lines ° Latitude (equator) 0

8. GIS 8 Latitude and longitude Pittsburgh, PA USA -80 40 Coordinates

9. GIS 9 Map Projections

10. GIS 10 Map projections Way to represent the curved surface of the Earth on the flat surface of a map Each map projection has advantages and disadvantages depends on the scale of the map purposes for which it will be used some projections are good for - small areas -areas with a large east-west extent -areas with a large north-south extent

11. GIS 11 Map projections http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_projections.html#two CylindricalPlanarConic

12. GIS 12 Conformal projection Cylindrical projection Parallels and meridians at right angles Preserves angles and shapes of small objects Distorts the size/shape/area of large objects Seldom used for world maps Example: Mercator projection (1569)

13. GIS 13 Equivalent Projection Conic projection Preserves accurate area Scale and shape are not preserved Standard projection for U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Census Bureau Example: Albers Equal Area

14. GIS 14 Compromise Projections Good for viewing entire world Neither equivalent nor conformal Meridians curve gently Doesn’t preserve properties, but “looks right” Used by Rand McNally and the National Geographic Society Example: Robinson projection (1961)

15. GIS 15 Small-scale maps - Comparing shapes, areas, distances, or directions of map features - Natural appearance desired New York Los Angeles When projection is important Los Angeles Projection: Mercator Distance: 3,124.67 miles Projection: Albers equal area Distance: 2,455.03 miles Actual distance: 2,451 miles Los Angeles

16. GIS 16 When projection is not important Many business, policy, and management applications - Concerned with the relative location of different features On large scale maps - Error is negligible

17. GIS 17 Rectangular Coordinate Systems

18. GIS 18 Rectangular coordinate systems UTM (U.S. military) State Plane (local U.S. governments) Cartesian coordinates (x,y)

19. GIS 19 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Developed by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1940s) Covers world, 80°S to 80°N Metric coordinates Not a single projection but 60 tuned Transverse Mercator projections

20. GIS 20 State Plane Coordinate System Established by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1930s Used by local U.S. governments Rectangular coordinates (all positive coordinates in feet or meters) Originally North American Datum (NAD 1927) More recently NAD 1983 and 1983 HARN

21. GIS 21 State Plane zones 125 zones - At least one for each state - Cannot have zones joined to make larger regions - Follow state and county boundaries Each zone has its own, tuned projection - Lambert conformal projection for zones with east-west orientation - Transverse Mercator projection for zones with north-south orientation

22. GIS 22 State Plane zones

23. GIS 23 Pittsburgh Neighborhoods as State Plane Coordinates 1983, Pennsylvania South, Feet

24. GIS 24 ArcGIS projection tip GIS map layers in different projections have different coordinate systems and thus will not overlay each other unless they have spatial reference data in a.prj file Assign projections according to the agency U.S. Census Files Federal agency Block groups Geographic coordinate system City of Pittsburgh Local planning agency Sidewalks State plane coordinate system

25. GIS 25 ArcGIS projection tip The first layer added in ArcMap sets the “map projection” Additional layers will overlay properly as long as the correct.prj file is included Example: Sidewalks added first (state plane), block groups match even though they are geographic coordinate system (gcs) projection

26. GIS 26 GIS Data Sets

27. GIS 27 GIS Data Sets ArcInfo Coverages ArcView Shapefiles Annotation Layers CAD Files Aerial Photos Copyright – Kristen S. Kurland, Carnegie Mellon University

28. GIS 28 ArcGIS Integrated collection of GIS software products ArcGIS framework deploys GIS functionality and business logic wherever it is needed—in desktops, servers (including the Web), or mobile devices. - Desktop GIS (ArcView, ArcInfo, ArcReader, ArcEditor, ArcGIS Extensions, ArcExplorer) - Server GIS (ArcIMS, ArcGIS Server) - Mobile GIS (ArcPAD) Copyright – Kristen S. Kurland, Carnegie Mellon University

29. GIS 29 ArcInfo

30. GIS 30 ArcInfo Coverages AATArc Attribute Table ARCArc coordinates and topology BNDCoverage minimum and maximum coordinates CNTPolygon centroid table PALPolygon topology PATPolygon/Point Attribute Table TICTic coordinates and Ids DBFDatabase Table

31. GIS 31 ArcInfo Coverages Advantages - Many feature types Disadvantages - Cannot edit in ArcMap Copyright – Kristen S. Kurland, Carnegie Mellon University

32. GIS 32 Coverage Attribute Table Polygon Coverage Copyright – Kristen S. Kurland, Carnegie Mellon University

33. GIS 33 Coverage Attribute Table Point Coverage Copyright – Kristen S. Kurland, Carnegie Mellon University

34. GIS 34 Coverage Attribute Table Line Coverages Copyright – Kristen S. Kurland, Carnegie Mellon University

35. GIS 35 ArcInfo Export files.e00 export exchange file ArcToolbox translates into ArcGIS Creates Coverages Copyright – Kristen S. Kurland, Carnegie Mellon University

36. GIS 36 ArcView Shape Files Advantages heads-up digitizing and editing less storage/rapid display can convert from ArcInfo coverage and back can export to CAD Disadvantages one feature type no area or perimeter Copyright – Kristen S. Kurland, Carnegie Mellon University

37. GIS 37 ArcView Shape Files From 3 to 5 Files.shp - stores feature geometry.shx - stores index of features.dbf - stores attribute data.sbn and.sbx - store additional indices Copyright – Kristen S. Kurland, Carnegie Mellon University

38. GIS 38 ArcView Shapefiles Copyright – Kristen S. Kurland, Carnegie Mellon University

39. GIS 39 Annotation Layers Copyright – Kristen S. Kurland, Carnegie Mellon University

40. GIS 40 Annotation Layers Separate independent layers Can be turned on/off Copyright – Kristen S. Kurland, Carnegie Mellon University

41. GIS 41 CAD Files Why CAD Drawings? Better Precision for Digitizing - AutoCAD - Microstation Copyright – Kristen S. Kurland, Carnegie Mellon University

42. GIS 42 Aerial Photos Combining Grid and Vector Maps Copyright – Kristen S. Kurland, Carnegie Mellon University

43. GIS 43 XY Event Tables

44. GIS 44 XY Data (Event Files) Data table that includes map coordinates, such as latitude and longitude or projected coordinates

45. GIS 45 Event Files

46. GIS 46 Exporting Event Files

47. GIS 47 GIS Data Sources

48. GIS 48 Common Sources U.S. Census Bureau Geospatial One Stop U.S. Geological Survey Esri Historic websites Colleges and universities International sites State agencies Local agencies or engineering firms

49. GIS 49 U.S. Census TIGER/Line® Files http://www.census.gov/geo/www/tiger/ Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing files - Census Bureau’s product for digital mapping of the U.S. - TIGER maps are available for the entire U.S. and its possessions

50. GIS 50 Census TIGER/Line® Files

51. GIS 51 State Census Tracts (2000) County sub-divisions Between 1,000 and 8,000 people or 1,700 housing units and 4,000 people Homogeneous population characteristics (e.g. economic and living) Normally follow visible features May follow government boundaries or other non-visible features

52. GIS 52 County Census Tracts (2000)

53. GIS 53 City Census Tracts (2000)

54. GIS 54 Census Block Groups (2000) Census tract sub-divisions 400 housing units, with a minimum of 250 and maximum of 550 Follow visible features such as roads, rivers, and railroads

55. GIS 55 Census Blocks (2000) Smallest geographic area for which the U.S. Census Bureau collects and tabulates decennial census information Block boundaries are visible (street, road, stream, shoreline, etc) or non- visible (county or city limits, property lines, etc.)

56. GIS 56 U.S. Census data tables American FactFinder

57. GIS 57 http://factfinder.census.gov/

58. GIS 58 2000 Summary File Tables Summary File 1 (SF1) Short form, entire population Population Age Sex Race Families Households Housing units Tracts, block groups, blocks Summary File 3 (SF3) Long form, 1 in 6 households, randomly Income, poverty Educational attainment Citizenship Employment, workplace, disability Transportation, travel time to work Detailed housing attributes, housing value, residency 5 years previous Languages spoken, ancestry Tracts, block groups

59. GIS 59 http://factfinder2.census.gov/main.html

60. GIS 60 2010 Data Release Schedule http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2010/glance/

61. GIS 61 Data Ferret http://dataferrett.census.gov/

62. GIS 62 Spatial data infrastructure Federal Geographic Data Committee - Established by presidential order - Responsible for standards, policies, web portals - Geospatial One Stop, http://gos2.geodata.gov Base maps and spatial data produced by governments for the public good Non-rivalrous and non-excludable consumption Widely-used structures needed for society and enterprises to function

63. GIS 63 Physical features:U.S. Geological Survey National Map Orthoimagery, replacing the Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles - High-resolution, seamless images in UTM coordinates - Rectified to remove distortions - 1m resolution with 0.5 m or 1 ft in urban areas, natural color

64. GIS 64 Physical features:U.S. Geological Survey National Elevation Data set (NED) - Replaces the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) - Seamless raster map with 30m resolution for nation and 10m or better in some areas Hillshade NED map for Rockville, MD

65. GIS 65 Physical features:U.S. Geological Survey Land cover - Natural and manmade surface features - Collected from satellites in 1992, 2001

66. GIS 66 Physical features: U.S. Geological Survey National Map Hydography Dataset (NHD) - Water bodies, lines, and points - Identifies segments (reaches) with network coding (flow and direction)

67. GIS 67 ESRI’s Website http://www.esri.com/data/resources/geographic-data.html

68. GIS 68 National Historic GIS http://www.nhgis.org/

69. GIS 69 University websites Penn State’s PASDA

70. GIS 70 International sites Rwanda Ministry of Health

71. GIS 71 International sites USAID/PEPAR

72. GIS 72 State agencies Texas Department of State Health http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/chs/

73. GIS 73 Local agencies Engineering Companies - land surveys, aerial photos, CAD drawings Government agencies - Adelaide Australia Tip: search by “Adelaide Planning Department) - Austin, TX Tip: Search by county name (Travis, County Texas) ftp://ftp.ci.austin.tx.us/GIS-Data/Regional/coa_gis.html

74. GIS 74 Local agencies