1. Dr. Joseph W. Howard ©Spring 2008 Energy What is it? It is how nature keeps score. Like a “currency” of the universe. To cause a change requires energy

2. Dr. Joseph W. Howard ©Spring 2008 First Steps How do we “measure” effort? How do you get paid ($$$) in the world? Job! Work! ($$$)

3. Dr. Joseph W. Howard ©Spring 2008 Work & Energy Technical Definition of Work WORK = FORCE  DISTANCE = mad ENERGY IS THE CAPACITY TO DO WORK. It takes some work (energy) to cause a change. net

4. Dr. Joseph W. Howard ©Spring 2008 Work Example 5m A donkey pulls a 10 kg box a distance of 5 m by applying a 90 N net force. How much work has the donkey done? A donkey pulls a 10 kg box a distance of 5 m by applying a 90 N net force. How much work has the donkey done? 90N 10kg

5. Dr. Joseph W. Howard ©Spring 2008 10m 3m/s Hoyt carries a very heavy boulder 10m across the garden at a constant speed of 3 m/s. What is the overall work done on the boulder? Hoyt carries a very heavy boulder 10m across the garden at a constant speed of 3 m/s. What is the overall work done on the boulder? Conceptual Pitfall Work = ZERO!! Work = ZERO!!

6. Dr. Joseph W. Howard ©Spring 2008 Types of Energy KE is often thought of as energy of motion PE is often thought of as energy of position KE is often thought of as energy of motion PE is often thought of as energy of position Kinetic & Potential Energies Kinetic & Potential Energies

7. Dr. Joseph W. Howard ©Spring 2008 Gravitational PE A 10 kg ball rests at the top of a set of stairs. The stairs reach a height of 3 m above the ground. What is the potential energy of the ball? A 10 kg ball rests at the top of a set of stairs. The stairs reach a height of 3 m above the ground. What is the potential energy of the ball?

8. Dr. Joseph W. Howard ©Spring 2008 Kinetic Energy An oxygen atom has a mass of 2.66 10 -23 g. If an oxygen atom were moving at 200 m/s, what would the kinetic energy of that atom be?

9. Dr. Joseph W. Howard ©Spring 2008 Kinetic Energy A 3-kg ball is rolling at a constant speed. If you had to transfer 30 J of energy to the ball to cause this motion, what must the velocity of the ball be?

10. Dr. Joseph W. Howard ©Spring 2008 Law of Conservation of Energy Total energy in any process is constant. The energy may be transferred or transformed, but not created nor destroyed. Total energy in any process is constant. The energy may be transferred or transformed, b ut not created nor destroyed.

11. Dr. Joseph W. Howard ©Spring 2008 Law of Conservation of Energy Total Energy at the beginning of an event = Total Energy at the end of an event Form of energies my change

12. Dr. Joseph W. Howard ©Spring 2008 Conservation of Energy Consider a 20-kg ball rolling down a hill that is 5 m high. How fast will the ball be moving when it reaches the bottom of the hill? Consider a 20-kg ball rolling down a hill that is 5 m high. How fast will the ball be moving when it reaches the bottom of the hill? What energy here? The PE energy at the top becomes the KE energy at the bottom 5m

13. Dr. Joseph W. Howard ©Spring 2008 Conceptual Pitfall A young boy skates down each of the frictionless playground ramps illustrated below. Which ramp will give the skateboarding boy the fastest speed at the bottom of the ramp? A young boy skates down each of the frictionless playground ramps illustrated below. Which ramp will give the skateboarding boy the fastest speed at the bottom of the ramp? h Ramp A Ramp B Ramp CRamp D Any Ramp, all ramps will produce the same speed at the bottom. Ramp A Ramp B Ramp CRamp D Any Ramp, all ramps will produce the same speed at the bottom. A B C D

14. Dr. Joseph W. Howard ©Spring 2008 Law of Conservation of Energy Total Energy at the beginning of an event = Total Energy at the end of an event Form of energies my change

15. Dr. Joseph W. Howard ©Spring 2008 Conservation of Energy A 5 kg bowling ball falls from rest a distance of 78.4 m. How fast is the ball falling at that point? A 5 kg bowling ball falls from rest a distance of 78.4 m. How fast is the ball falling at that point? What energy here? 78.4m

16. Dr. Joseph W. Howard ©Spring 2008 Conservation of Energy Consider dropping a ball from a height of 15 m in a vacuum. What is the velocity of the ball the instant it strikes the ground? Consider dropping a ball from a height of 15 m in a vacuum. What is the velocity of the ball the instant it strikes the ground? What energy here? 15m The PE energy at the top becomes the KE energy at the bottom

17. Dr. Joseph W. Howard ©Spring 2008 A 5kg ball is rolling along a sidewalk with a constant velocity of 3 m/s. Suddenly, the ball encounters a 0.5 m dip in the sidewalk and then continues rolling along a flat section of the sidewalk. What will the velocity be for the ball after it encounters the dip? A 5kg ball is rolling along a sidewalk with a constant velocity of 3 m/s. Suddenly, the ball encounters a 0.5 m dip in the sidewalk and then continues rolling along a flat section of the sidewalk. What will the velocity be for the ball after it encounters the dip? Conservation of Energy What energy here?

18. Dr. Joseph W. Howard ©Spring 2008 A B a.A b.B c.same Tracks A and B are of equal length and have hills of the same curvature except A curves up and B curves down. If two identical balls are rolled simultaneously with the same initial velocity, which will reach the end of its track first? Conceptual Pitfall

19. Dr. Joseph W. Howard ©Spring 2008 Energy & Motion A 10kg dog runs from a speed of 4 m/s up to a speed of 10 m/s in 3 seconds. What is the dog’s acceleration? How far does he run in those 3 seconds? How much did the dog’s kinetic energy change? How much work did the dog accomplish? A 10kg dog runs from a speed of 4 m/s up to a speed of 10 m/s in 3 seconds. What is the dog’s acceleration? How far does he run in those 3 seconds? How much did the dog’s kinetic energy change? How much work did the dog accomplish?

20. Dr. Joseph W. Howard ©Spring 2008 Two pumpkins of equal size and mass are dropped off the roof of the Henson Science Hall. One lands on the sidewalk and the other lands on the grass. Which one of the following statements is true of the force and impulse on the pumpkins as their fall was stopped? Both of the pumpkins experienced the same force and the same impulse. Both of the pumpkins experienced the same impulse, but the pumpkin that hit the sidewalk experienced a greater force. Both of the pumpkins experienced the same force, but the pumpkin that hit the grass experienced a smaller impulse. The pumpkin that hit the sidewalk experienced a greater force and a greater impulse than the pumpkin that hit the grass. The relationship between the impulses and forces on the pumpkins can not be determined without knowing the height of the building. Both of the pumpkins experienced the same impulse, but the pumpkin that hit the sidewalk experienced a greater force.

21. Two water slides sit side by side at the water amusement park and these both sit near a high dive tower, as shown below. Your annoying little brother wants to do the ride that promises the fastest attainable speed at the bottom. What recommendation can you make to your brother about which ride should he should choose? Assume that there is no friction on the slides and that air resistance is negligible. High dive Water slide B Water slide A Water slide B or the High Dive Any of the rides Water slide AHigh Dive Water slide B