2. What is ancestral domain?
It refers to all areas generally belonging to ICCs/IPs comprising lands, inland waters, coastal areas, and natural resources therein, held under a claim of ownership, occupied or possessed by ICCs/IPs, by themselves or through their ancestors, communally or individually since time immemorial, continuously to the present except when interrupted by war, force majeure or displacement by force, deceit, stealth or as a consequence of government projects or any other voluntary dealings entered into by government and private individuals/corporations, and which are necessary to ensure their economic, social and cultural welfare.

3. What is ancestral land?
It refers to land occupied, possessed and utilized by individuals, families and clans who are members of the ICCs/IPs since time immemorial, by themselves or through their predecessors-in-interest, under claims of individual or traditional group ownership, continuously, to the present

4. It shall include ancestral lands, forests, pasture, residential, agricultural, and other lands individually owned whether alienable and disposable or otherwise, hunting grounds, burial grounds, worship areas, bodies of water, mineral and other natural resources, and lands which may no longer be exclusively occupied by ICCs/IPs but from which they traditionally had access to for their subsistence and traditional activities, particularly the home ranges of ICCs/IPs who are still nomadic and/or shifting cultivators. It is subject to property rights within the ancestral domains already existing and/or vested upon effectivity of R.A

5. Under Republic Act no. 8371, also known as “The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997,” the State recognizes and promotes certain rights of Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples (ICCs/IPs) within the framework of the Constitution.

6. Constitutional Basis for Ancestral Domains
Section 5 of Article XII of the Constitution provides:
The State, subject to the provisions of this Constitution and national development policies and programs, shall protect the rights of indigenous cultural communities to their ancestral lands to ensure their economic, social, and cultural well-being.
The Congress may provide for the applicability of customary laws governing property rights or relations in determining the ownership and extent of ancestral domain.

7. What are the rights to Ancestral Domain?
Of ownership. This includes lands, bodies of water traditionally and actually occupied by ICCs/IPs, sacred places, traditional hunting and fishing grounds, and all improvements made by them at any time within the domains.
2. To develop, control and use lands and natural resources. This includes the right to negotiate the terms and conditions for the exploration of natural resources in the areas for the purpose of ensuring ecological, environmental protection and the conservation measures, pursuant to national and customary laws.

8. What are the rights to Ancestral Domain? (cont)
3. To stay in the territories. No ICCs/IPs will be relocated without their free and prior informed consent, nor through any means other than eminent domain.
4. To regulate entry of migrants. ICCs/IPs have the right to regulate the entry of migrant settlers and organizations into the domains.
5. To claim parts of ancestral domains previously reserved for various purposes, except those reserved and intended for common and public welfare and service.
6. To resolve land conflicts in accordance primarily with customary law.

9. Who has priority over natural resources within ancestral domains?
The ICCs/IPs shall have priority rights in the harvesting, extraction, development or exploitation of any natural resources within the ancestral domains.

10. Do the ICCs/IPs have the right to self-governance?
Yes. ICCs/IPs have the inherent right to self-governance and self-determination. The State respects the integrity of their values, practices and institutions. The State shall guarantee the right of ICCs/IPs to freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.

11. Supreme Court declares ancestral domain deal 'unconstitutional'
The Supreme Court struck down as unconstitutional yesterday the agreement on ancestral domain with a warning that “another state within the Philippines” would have been created if the government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front had signed it.
In the 89-page decision, the SC said the Bangsamoro Juridical Entity envisioned in the agreement is a “far more powerful entity” than the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao provided in the Constitution.

12. The SC ordered the respondents and their agents not to sign and execute the agreement on ancestral domain or similar agreements, and to conduct public consultations in accordance with the right to information as to any further peace negotiations with the MILF.

13. Philippines law protects companies, not communities
While the right of indigenous peoples to their ancestral land has been recognized by international agreements and conventions including that of the United Nations, indigenous peoples in the Philippines are being driven away by mining, tourism and other so-called development projects.
More than 70 mining firms are now operating in Zambales with applications for Mineral Production Sharing (MPSA), small-scale mining and regular small scale-mining. Among other mining corporations are DMCI Mining Corp, Arcman, BMCI, Eramin Pyramid, Hermosa Mines, Fil- Asia and Sino-Phil.