1. Formulation for the Relativistic Blast Waves Z. Lucas Uhm Research Center of MEMS Space Telescope (RCMST) & Institute for the Early Universe (IEU), Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea Friday, April 23rd 2010 Deciphering the Ancient Universe with Gamma-Ray Bursts, Kyoto, Japan

2. Formulation for the Relativistic Blast Waves Uhm, Z. Lucas 2010 submitted (arXiv:1003.1115)

3. A central engine ejects a relativistic outflow – ejecta Forward shock (FS) & Reverse shock (RS) develop FS sweeps up the ambient medium, and RS propagates through the ejecta (Meszaros & Rees 1997) Relativistic Blast Waves

4. Schematic Diagram of a Relativistic Blast Wave Blast – a compressed hot gas between FS & RS General class of explosions with arbitrary radial stratification of ejecta and ambient medium Non-relativistic RS & mildly-relativistic RS How to find a dynamical evolution of the blast wave for this general problem ?

5. Jump Conditions 3 jump conditions for 4 independent unknowns: the shock has 1 free parameter Kappa varies in between 1/3 and 2/3, depending on the shock strength

6. Shock strength described by relative Lorentz factor (Blandford & McKee 1976)

7. Relation between kappa and mean Lorentz factor (Uhm 2010 submitted)

8. Jump conditions for a monoenergetic gas Exact solutions for a monoenergetic gas Apply to shocks of arbitrary strength, relativistic or non- relativistic Conservation laws across FS and RS are applied

9. Radially stratified ejecta Continuity equation for ejecta ∇ α (ρ ej u α ) = 0 Lagrangian coordinate τ r(τ,t) = v ej (τ) * (t - τ) (Uhm 2010 submitted)

10. Trajectory of the RS through ejecta Given by jump condition at RS (Uhm 2010 submitted)

11. Two different methods are described for finding the evolution of the blast Lorentz factor (1)Customary pressure balance p r = p f (2)Mechanical model (Beloborodov & Uhm 2006)

12. Customary pressure balance : p r =p f Depends only on input parameters

13. “ Mechanical model” for relativistic blast waves (Beloborodov & Uhm 2006)

14. Need to solve coupled differential equations

15. Example model An example burst is specified by the luminosity L ej (τ) = L 0 = 10 52 erg/s and the Lorentz factor Γ ej (τ) = 500 - 9τ for 0 ≤ τ ≤ τ b = 50 s Total isotropic energy ejected by the burst is E b = L 0 τ b = 5 * 10 53 ergs Ambient medium density is assumed to be n 1 = 1 cm -3 These define the problem completely

16. Dynamics found for the customary pressure balance p r = p f (Uhm 2010 submitted) (a) τ r -shell passing through the RS at radius r r (b) the ejecta density n ej (RS) of the τ r -shell (c) the Lorentz factor Γ ej (RS) of the τ r -shell and Γ of the blast (d) the relative Lorentz factor γ 43 (e) pressure p = p r = p f across the blast This numerical solution does not satisfy the energy-conservation law for adiabatic blast wave

17. Energy of adiabatic blast Lagrangian description (Uhm 2010 submitted)

18. Total energy found for the customary pressure balance Customary pressure balance p r = p f violates the energy- conservation law significantly for the adiabatic blast wave Total energy E tot of the entire system (blast + unshocked ejecta) E tot = E blast + E 4

19. Dynamics found for the mechanical model (Uhm 2010 submitted) Numerical solutions for the blast-wave driven by the same example burst Solid (blue) curves are calculated using the mechanical model For comparison, the solution of customary pressure balance is also shown in dotted (red) curves

20. Total energy found for the mechanical model (Uhm 2010 submitted) Mechanical model becomes a successful remedy for the the energy-violation problem

21. We suggest that one should use the mechanical model to solve for the dynamics of a blast wave in order to correctly find the afterglow light-curves!!

22. Summary We present a detailed description of our blast-wave modeling technique for a very general class of GRB explosions with arbitrary radial stratification of ejecta and ambient medium. See arXiv:1003.1115 for details. We demonstrate that the customary pressure balance for the blast wave violates the energy-conservation law significantly for adiabatic blast wave. We show that the energy-violation problem is successfully resolved by the mechanical model.