1. Crime Mapping & Analysis William Jarvis & Ibrahim Sabek CSCI 5715 Prof. Shashi Shekhar Wilson, Ronald and Filbert, Katie. “Crime Mapping and Analysis.” Encyclopedia of GIS. Ed. Shashi Shekhar & Hui Xiong. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2008.

2. Definition ●Intersection of three sciences: Geography, Sociology, and Criminology. ●A bunch of techniques ● Visualizing raw geographic data. ● Analysing geographic features for patterns. ● Uncovering spatial interactions between features.

3. Background ●1930 - 1970 → Social Disorganization ●Chicago School of Sociology. ●1970 - 1990 → Environmental Criminology ●Social Disorganization + GIS software. ●1990 - present. ●Funding crime mapping research centers.

4. ●Tobler’s First Law of Geography. ●Places are not isolated islands of activity. ●Interactions, such as social, demographic, or economic occur within and between places ●The closer you are in space, the more related you are ●The basic foundation for the concept of distance decay Scientific Fundamentals

5. Applications ● Five key applications: ● Thematic Mapping ● Non-Graphical Indicators ● Hot Spots ● Spatial Regression ● Geographic Profiling

6. Hot Spots ● Hot spots (and their inverse, cold spots) are places with a greater (lower) than average level of crime. ● Done by many agencies to provide guidance in resource allocation ● Analysis can occur at a variety of scales, macro to micro ● E.g. high crime neighborhoods vs. high crime centered around a particular bar ● Level of analysis allows police to take specific actions from more patrols to investigating and serving warrants (Champions Bar & Grill in Minneapolis)

7. Graffiti Hot/Cold Spots in Lincoln, NE Source: “Extended Crime Analysis with ArcGIS Spatial Statistics Tools.” Accessed at http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0405/ss_crimestats1of2.html. Last accessed 10/7/14. http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0405/ss_crimestats1of2.html

8. ●Question: Given a data set, can hot/cold spots be found via SQL/OGIS query?

9. ●No, must be calculated be calculated via spatial statistics. ●Nearest Neighbor Index ●Crime incidents geocoded on map, distance between incident and neighbors calculated ●Distances summed then divided by number of incidents in area of analysis ●Next, map of random incidents is made, and the same calculation repeated on these random incidents. ●Ratio of two numbers = NNI. NNI < 1 means data are clustered. ●STAC (Spatial and temporal analysis of crime ellipses) ●Create circles of decreasing radius around each crime incident ●Areas of greatest overlap indicate hotspots Image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_hotspots. Last accessed 10/8/14.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_hotspots

10. Geographic Profiling ● Technique for identifying likely anchor point of a serial offender (for example, residence). ● Utilizes crime place and routine activities theory, with the assumption that criminals don’t go far out of their daily routines to commit crimes ● Takes into account a series of crime locations associated with a particular serial criminal and creates a probability surface to identify the offender’s anchor point

11. Future Developments ● Work done in three areas ● Research and Technology Centers ● Primary resources for research, development, and application of GIS, spatial data analysis methodologies, and geographic technologies ● Software Development ● CrimeStat ● GeoDa ● Law Enforcement/Criminal Justice Agencies primarily focus on utilizing data to more efficiently prevent/fight crime

12. Relation to CSCI 5717 ●Will be exposed to this topic in Chapter 7. ●Applications of spatial data ●Spatial data mining to discover trends Questions?