2.  Central Europe, 1618 Central Europe, 1618  Bishopric of Hildesheim, Duchy of Brunswick- Wolfenbüttel Bishopric of Hildesheim, Duchy of Brunswick- Wolfenbüttel

3.  Why did peace remain elusvie in 1635 and afterwards?

4.  France  increase in revenue:  32.5 M livres (1610) – 57.5 M livres (1635) – 79 m livres (1643)  increases in military spending:  16 M livres (1620s) – 33 M livres (1635) – 38 M livres (after 1640)  overspending, borrowing  “Revenue was not only spent before it was collected, but large parts of the fiscal system were transferred into private hands, largely beyond government control” (p. 558)

5.  Saxony  debt  7 M fl. (1628) – 25.2 M fl. (1657)  Empire  1635: at most 8 M fl. to fund Imperial army  problems  no funds from northern territories held by Sweden  competition between taxes for Imperial army and money raised to fund regional armies (Bavaria, Saxony)  decline in size of armies  “it was now difficult to launch major operations in more than one region at a time” (p. 619)

6.  war with the Dutch  Olivares’ objectives:  achieve military superiority in Flanders  force Dutch “to accept an honourable peace” (p. 555)  2 February 1635: Spanish Council of State made the war with the Dutch a priority  31 October 1634: Treaty of Ebersdorf: Imperial assistance for war against the Dutch

7.  conflict with France?  13 April 1634: Spanish Council of State against war  12 May 1634: secret agreement with Gaston d’Orléans: troops and money for an invasion of France  26 March 1635: arrest of Philipp Christoph von Sötern, Archbishop Elector or Trier  April 1635: capture of Koblenz

8.  attitudes to conflict between Spain-Dutch Republic, HRE-Sweden  “Both Protestant powers remained counterweights to perceived Spanish dominance” (p. 555).  8 February 1635: offensive alliance with the Dutch Republic to invade Spanish Netherlands  declaration of war on Spain: 26 May 1635

9.  Franco-Dutch invasion of Spanish Netherlands…repulsed  France co-opted Bernhard of Weimar  southern front: Lorraine, Alsace, Franche-Comté  fall of Mainz to Imperial forces: January 1636  Spanish invasion of France  Corbie:  Spain: 15 August 1636  France: 14 November 1636

10.  The invasion of France: “its real impact was to oblige the French court to accept that it was now engaged in a protracted struggle. Habsburg cooperation remained ineffective, with the Austrian and Spanish branches pursuing different objectives” (p. 565).  France and Holy Roman Empire

11.  Read Sourcebook, document 103. Be prepared to answer the questions below in class. 1. What are the most important articles of the Peace of Prague? Identify them by number. Why do you think they are important? 2. Do the provisions of the Peace of Prague suggest that the conflict it aimed to end was religious? 3. Does it make sense to describe the Peace of Prague as a “Peace without peace”? Why or why not?

12.  objectives 1. unity of imperial estates 2. military superiority 3. expulsion of foreigners  Peace of Prague (30 May 1635)  “The Peace did not make Ferdinand an absolute monarch, and his intention was to restore what he regarded as the proper constitutional order” (p. 566).  “a monarchical solution” (p. 566)  “a degree of imperial authority unacceptable to Sweden and France” (p. 566)  defeat of militant Catholics

13.  dissolution of all alliances, including Catholic League  a new Imperial army  separate corps for Bavaria, Saxony  transfer of Lusatia to Saxony  no recognition of Calvinism  1627: a “new normative year” after which Protestant control of Catholic church property was invalid  details left to biconfessional committee  agreement between Emperor and Saxony  invitation of other states

14.  exclusion of many members of the Heilbronn League  Palatine, Hessen-Kassel, Württemberg, Hohenlohe counts  “amnesty question”  “ultimately wrecked the Peace” (p. 571)  “Ferdinand made it much harder to resolve the amnesty question by enlarging the numbers of those with a vested interest in opposing a pardon. Yet, by excluding so many, he undermined the desired character of Prague as a general peace” (p. 572)  Imperial ban for Landgrave Wilhelm V of Hessen- Kassel (October 1635)

15.  Read Sourcebook, documents 104, 106, 107, 108. Be prepared to answer the questions below in class. 1. What were Sweden’s objectives in 1635? 2. Why did it pursue these objectives? 3. How would you characterize the outlook of Sweden’s decision makers?

16.  Powder Barrel Convention, 21 August 1635  disgruntled German officers and Oxenstierna  Stuhmsdorf Truce, 12 September 1635  extension of Truce of Altmark (Poland and Sweden)  Saxony’s relative failure to appeal to German patriotism  Treaty of Wismar, 1636  French subsidies used for raising fresh troops  Sweden obliged not to make peace without France  unratified

17.  Sweden: Johan Banér  Imperial Army: Melchior Hatzfeldt  “one of the most important battles of the war” (p. 583)

18.  Ferdinand III (1637-1657)  electoral congress in Regensburg, 1636-1637  money from Spain  election of Ferdinand  co-operation from Brandenburg  inadequate confessional co- operation to deal with Sweden  continued reluctance to support Spain against the Dutch  desire to solve amnesty question thwarted (p. 612)

19.  Wilhelm V of Hessen- Kassel (d. 1 October 1637)  alliance with France (1636)  Imperial invasion (April 1637)  truce with Emperor under Amalie Elizabeth (1638)

20.  Treaty of Hamburg (15 March 1638)  renewal of Franco-Swedish alliance  extension of French subsidies  Sweden remained outside of war between France and Spain.  Karl Ludwig of the Palatinate  failed attempt to take the Rhenish Palatinate (1638)  defeated by Imperial army (p. 594)

21.  Partisans (p. 601)  Konrad Widerhold (1598?- 1667)  humble origins  significance

22.  Rhineland  French surrender of Ehrenbreitstein (June 1637)

23.  Rhineland  Battles of Rheinfelden  28 February 1638: Imperialist victory  3 March 1638: French victory under Bernhard von Weimar  Battle of Wittenweier (8 August 1638)  French victory under Bernhard von Weimar  Fall of Breisach (19 December 1638)  French victory under Bernhard von Weimar  control of Alsace  “The war had shifted deeper into the Empire” (p. 611)

24.  The North  Swedish retreat, summer 1637 under Johan Banér  loss of poorly defended fortresses  secure in Baltic bridgehead: Stettin, 1638  Treaty of Hamburg, 15 March 1638  Mecklenburg recaptured

25.  The North  Banér’s foray into Saxony, Bohemia (1639)  Guelphs, Hessen- Kassel send troops to Banér  Banér blockaded Wolfenbüttel (1639)  imperial garrison here as leverage for bishopric of Hildesheim

26. YearBattle 1620White Mountain 1631Magdeburg 1631Breitenfeld 1632Lützen 1634Nördlingen 1636Wittstock

27.  Read Sourcebook, documents 109, 112. Be prepared to answer the questions below in class. 1. What do the retrospectives of Cardinal Richelieu and Maximilian of Bavaria tell us of their interpretations of the Thirty Years War? Pay attention to what they say, how they say it, and what they do not say.