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A Birth and Growth of a Collimated Molecular Jet from an AGB Star

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1 A Birth and Growth of a Collimated Molecular Jet from an AGB Star
Future Directions in High Resolution Astronomy: A Celebration of the 10th Anniversary of the VLBA A Birth and Growth of a Collimated Molecular Jet from an AGB Star Hiroshi Imai (Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe, NL) Philip J. Diamond (Jodrell Bank Observatory, UK) Water fountains: cites of stellar jet’s birth W43A: an AGB star having a jet and an envelope Implication of the W43A jet The Great Barrier Dam, the Netherlands

2 Jet formation in final stellar evolution
Central objects of planetary nebulae (PNe) = post-AGB stars Bipolar jets (>100 km/s, >> 1000K, ionized) Producing complicated PN morphology Jet from a planetary nebula: Henize (Sahai & Nyman 2000)

3 Jet formation in final stellar evolution
When such stellar jets are launched ? How to launch such stellar jets ? Jet from a planetary nebula: Henize (Sahai & Nyman 2000)

4 High velocity stellar molecular flows
Jet Outflow Before finding optical jet Dragged by a (unseen) collimated jet Outflow in OH (Alcolea et al. 2001)

5 High velocity stellar molecular flows
What is the central star? White dwarf ? Mira star ? or young star ? Outflow in OH (Alcolea et al. 2001)

6 Transition from AGB to post-AGB
A Mira variable (AGB star): Pulsation Spherical envelope Small bipolarity Slow wind (~10 km/s) Spherical circumstellar envelope: around RT Virginis (Imai et al. 2003, see poster no .62

7 Transition from AGB to post-AGB
A Mira-star envelope is transformed to a collimated jet smoothly ? Spherical circumstellar envelope: around RT Virginis (Imai et al. 2003, see poster no .62

8 Water fountains: cites of on-going jet formation
V(H2O) >= 100 km/s >> V(OH) =< 30 km/s Clear double peaks Symmetric with respect to the systemic velocity IRAS IRAS High velocity H2O maser sources (Likkel et al. 1992)

9 Water fountains: cites of on-going jet formation
Newly-formed jets or extreme super winds ? How old ? How to produce ? Young stellar objects ? IRAS IRAS High velocity H2O maser sources (Likkel et al. 1992)

10 VLBA observations of the W43A H2O/OH masers
H2O masers: Jun. 1994, Oct. 1994, Mar. 1995, Apr. 2002, Jul. 2002, Nov. 2002, Apr. 2003, (now going on) Synthesized beam: ~0.5 mas Velocity resolution: 0.2 km/s OH masers (1612, 1665 & 1667MHz): Jun. 1994, Oct. 1994, Mar. 1995, Dec. 2001, Aug. 2002, (now going on) Synthesized beam: ~9 mas Velocity resolution: 0.45 km/s

11 History of the W43A jet Birth of the molecular jet (at my birthday?)
Destruction of the molecular jet (at the end of my life?) Discovery of the high-velocity masers (Genzel & Downes 1977) Discovery of the molecular jet (Imai et al. 2002) VLBA operation (Since 1993) OH maser observations (5 epochs) H2O maser observations (7 epochs)

12 Highly-collimated jet of molecular gas
The first one year: Imai, Obara, Diamond, Omodaka, & Sasao 2002

13 Jet parameters (1994 - 1995) Imai et al. (2002) 21 proper motions
3D jet speed: 145 +/-20 km/s in major axis Standard deviation ratio: V(jet)/V(internal) = 9.5 +/-4.1 (variance-covariance analysis)

14 Jet parameters (1994 - 1995) Imai et al. (2002) 21 proper motions
Jet alignment: length = 1700 AU, P.A.= 69.3±0.3 deg. Cluster alignment: length = 250, 350 AU, width < 30 AU P.A.= 54.6+/-6.0 deg., 57.2+/-0.3 deg. (red, blue clusters)

15 H2O maser kinematics in 2002 Imai & Diamond (2003)

16 Growth of the molecular jet
Growth rate of jet ~ 300AU/ 8 years ~ 180 km/s Birth of the jet around the year 1970

17 A precessing jet model Point symmetry
Constant-velocity motion of each maser cloud Interaction with the ambient envelope

18 A precessing jet model Straight alignments with axis offsets
>>> lifetime of maser clouds ~ 10 years

19 The W43A jet is precessing !
Period ~ 55 years Amplitude ~ 5 degrees Inclination ~ 39 degrees

20 The precession is true ! A consistent model at every epoch >>> direct estimation: d (~2.6 kpc), origin location, and jet ignition time (~30 yr ago)

21 What star is W43A ? An AGB star!

22 Signatures of an pulsating star
Periodic flux variation (P~ 400 d) in OH 1612 MHz masers (Harman & Habing 1985; van Langevelde et al. 1990) Dwingeloo 25-m telescope

23 Spherically-expanding envelope
The same systemic velocity of the H2O and OH masers (VLSR ~ 34 km/s) Similar to Mira OH maser sources OH masers 1612 MHz OH masers

24 Spherically-expanding envelope
The same systemic velocity of the H2O and OH masers (VLSR ~ 34 km/s) Dynamical time scale of the envelope ~ 260 years OH masers Distance - velocity diagram

25 When is a stellar jet launched?
H2O masers and a jet in PPN (Miranda et al. 2001) Mira stars: Elongation of circumstellar envelop (Elitzur et al. 2003) by jets ? or by others? OH/IR stars: Super winds (~1000 years) H2O maser jets: < 100 years Later outflows, optical jets H2O maser segments in PPNs

26 Morphology of planetary nebulae
Determined by the envelope morphology at AGB phase, created by a stellar jet !

27 Water fountains = Molecular jets
Imai, & Diamond 2003 IRAS IRAS UH88+Sirius image (Deguchi & Nakashima 2002)

28 Water fountains = Molecular jets
IRAS Morris, Sahai & Claussen 2003 IRAS HST image (Sahai et al. 1999)

29 Water fountains = Molecular jets
IRAS Imai, Morris & Sahai 2003 3-D jet speed: ~120 km/s Dynamical time scale ~ 90 years IRAS 2MASS All Sky Survey image

30 Water fountains = Molecular jets
Similar sizes ( AU) and dynamical time scales (< 100 years) of the molecular jets ! IRAS IRAS

31 A molecular jet in W43A was born with me and will disappear with me!
Duration of molecular jet in the earliest phase of stellar jets: ~ 100 years A molecular jet in W43A was born with me and will disappear with me!

32 A sensational chance in my life!
The Prince Charles, visiting in the MERLIN upgrade celebration on 28 April 2003 at Jodrell Bank Observatory, UK

33 Schematic cartoon of W43A

34 Thank you ! Kasteel de Haar, the Netherlands

35 Circumstellar envelope of W43A
Well developed, but compact Size < AU Mass ~ 15 Msun (including foreground cloud) Optically thin (spectral index~3-4) 20000 AU at 2.6 kpc + H2O & OH masers 2.7 mm dust continuum emission (NMA observation) (Imai et al. 2003)

36 Circumstellar envelope of W43A
Has not be ionized yet ..... 20000 AU at 2.6 kpc + H2O & OH masers UH88+Sirius JHK-band image (Deguchi & Nakashima 2002)

37 Signatures of going mass loss
SiO maser emission (see Nakashima & Deguchi 2003) Rotating disk ? e.g. IRC (Imai et al. 1999) NML Cyg (Boboltz & Marvel 1999) OH (Sanchez Contreras et al )

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