1. Karl-Erik Tillmann Miina Härma Gümnaasium, Tartu, Estonia

2.  The human enduced CO2 affect both the atmosphere and sea.  Cold water more readily absorbs CO2.  Seas become more acid.  Effect on phytoplanktons. ◦ Foundation of the aquatic food web

3.  Overfishing occurs when fishing activities reduce fish stocks below an acceptable level.  About 80% of all fish stocks are already overfished today.  Only 1,2 % of the oceans are protected today.  Over 500 million people depending on the fishing industry.

4. Convention of Biological Diversity was established in 1993 and signed by 193 states with aims:  To protect biodiversity.  Sustainable use of its components.  Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources 2010 - "International Year of Biodiversity" Nagoya Biodiversity Summit in 18-19 October 2010.

5.  Took place in 18-19 Oct 2010.  Aims: ◦ To restore at least 15 % of degraded areas. ◦ To stop and reverse the loss of biodiversity. ◦ To protect 17 % of inland water areas and 10 % of marine-coastal areas.

6. Aim 1: To restore at least 15 % of degraded areas.  The percentage of land covered by forests has risen from 50.6 % in 2011 to 53.9 % in 2020.  400 ha more trees have been planted.  Organic farming has risen 12 % since 2011.  The number of birds ◦ Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) has increased from 40-50 pairs in 2011 to 100 pairs in 2020. ◦ Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) has increased from 150 pairs in 2011 to 250 pairs in 2020.

7. Aim 2: To stop and reverse the loss of biodiversity.  The amount of mosses in Lahemaa, a national park of Estonia has increased by 12 %.  Three new species of mosses have been discovered.  These are good indicators of the purity of our air.  The gut microflora of Estonian infants consists of more different species of microbes.  This protects against allergy – an increasing problem in Western societies.

8. Aim 3a: To protect 17 % of inland water areas.  The stock of Vendace (Coregonus albula), a very special fish living only in Lake Peipsi, has risen three times since 2011.  The stock of Perch (Perca fluviatilis) in Lake Peipsi and Lake Võrtsjärve has risen two times.

9. Aim 3b: To protect 10% of marine and coastal areas.  The stock of Cod increased until 2018 but then...  DISASTER in 21 May, 2018 ◦ Nord Stream gas pipeline near Saaremaa exploded and 2.3 billion cubic metres of natural gas leaked in the Baltic Sea. ◦ The sea has still not recovered from this  The Cod percentage drops 50 %.  Huge amounts of seaweed died.  Thousands of seabirds died.

10.  Each country should implement its own national plan to follow the recommendation of the Nagoya convention.  However we are not protected against catastrophies and therefore international collaboration is necessary to prevent and overcome them.