1. Ryegrasses: Do they have a place in Kentucky? Ray Smith and Gene Olson Forage Extension Specialist Forage Variety Testing Coordinator University of Kentucky Lync Session April 11, 2013

2. Annual Ryegrass

3. Annual Ryegrass vs. Tall fescue Seasonal Growth

4. Annual Ryegrass –An easy to establish annual cool season grass –Fits into overseeding programs like cereal rye, but provides higher quality and quicker regrowth. Less fall growth than rye. –Tolerates heavy grazing –Probably the most widely planted annual forage grass in the U.S. –Use winter hardy varieties –Sometimes used to add production to weakened cool season grass pastures

5. Photo taken: January 2013 Feast II Gulf Annual Ryegrass Varieties

6. Photo taken: March 15th 2013 Feast II Gulf Annual Ryegrass Varieties

7. Photo taken: March 29th 2013 Feast II Gulf Annual Ryegrass Varieties

8. Photo taken: April 5th 2013 Feast II Gulf Annual Ryegrass Varieties

9. Annual Ryegrass (sometimes called Westerwolds ryegrass) Rapid establishment with high seasonal productivity during the year of planting. It is a true annual species and produces seedheads during the year of planting. Commonly used to overseed warm season grass pastures across the southern U.S. in the fall.

10. The most commonly used type in Kentucky is Italian ryegrass. The other is sometimes referred to as Westerwolds ryegrass. The Westerwolds type is a true annual, in that stands seeded in the spring produce seedheads that summer, and little regrowth occurs after seedheads are produced. Westerwolds ryegrass varieties are commonly used in the lower South (Florida to Texas) because they can be seeded in the fall and will survive the winter. In Kentucky, winter survival can be an issue for Westerwolds varieties, so before planting one of these varieties, review winter survival results for Kentucky.

11. Italian Ryegrass Stand survival for up to two years. Provide high yields of quality forage, show quick regrowth, early spring growth, and late fall growth. Require longer rest periods than perennial ryegrass for maximum production. Do not produce seedheads during the year they are seeded.

13. Annual Ryegrass Variety Testing Program (Gene Olson) Planting Fertility Ratings Harvest timing

25. Summary of KY Annual ryegrass 1999-2012

26. Hay, Baleage, Grazing

27. Overseeding Winter Feeding Areas

28. Spring Seeding Italian Ryegrass for Grazing

29. Weed Issues

30. Perennial Ryegrass

31. PR-617 – 2010 Cool-season Grass Grazing Tolerance Report

41. Festulolium Cross between meadow fescue and perennial ryegrass or Italian ryegrass High palatability Similar yield to Tall Fescue (at least first two years) Out yields perennial ryegrass Usually more winterhardy than perennial ryegrass

42. Festalolium

53. Rye Advantages Most tolerant to cold, poor soils, drought and grazing of any small grain High yielding and good quality (if cut early) Most productive small grain for pasture Good fall and spring grazing (better fall pasture than wheat) Abruzzi types have faster regrowth and more forage yield than grain types. Especially good for pasture.

54. Rye Disadvantages Quality drops rapidly after flowering Can have lodging problems if not cut early Quickly becomes stemmy and unpalatable in late spring

55. Forage Yield (tons/acre) WisconsinKentucky Orchardgrass 4.4 – 8.02.4 – 6.2 Perennial ryegrass 2.7 – 7.82.4 – 5.4 Italian ryegrass 1.7 – 10.81.0 – 4.9 Reed canarygrass 6.3 – 6.9--- Smooth bromegrass 4.4 – 7.73.0 – 4.1 Meadow bromegrass 4.9 – 7.53.2 – 4.4 Tall fescue 5.5 – 7.93.1 – 8.3 Festulolium 3.5 – 5.03.0 – 5.8 Meadow fescue 3.8 – 6.7--- Timothy 3.9 – 6.72.0 – 6.0

56. Wheat Advantages Pasture, hay or silage (grain after pasture) Very winterhardy, later sowing than barley Withstand wetter soils than barley and oats Higher quality than oat, rye and triticale when cut for hay or silage 6-10 tons/acre at 65% moisture

57. Wheat Disadvantages Early planting for fall grazing can lead to Hessian fly and wheat streak mosaic damage Semi-dwarf varieties for grain have lower forage yields Awns (length and roughness varies between varieties) Severe yield reduction under poor soil conditions

62. Triticale Advantages and Disadvantages Cross between rye and wheat so advantages of both (newer varieties clearly improvements) Good choice for silage Higher yielding than wheat, but lower quality Better quality than rye, but not as stress tolerant Certain varieties susceptible to winterkill and lodging

63. Winter Oats Advantages and Disadvantages High yields of good quality forage Best forage for companion cropping Least winterhardy small grain Late maturity of most varieties reduces double cropping opportunities Not as tolerant to drought or waterlogging as wheat or rye Require good soil conditions for best performance

65. Fertility Correct pH (rye will tolerant the lowest pH, but adequate liming will improve production) 30 lb/acre at seeding followed by 30-60 lbs topdressed in Feb/early March Annual ryegrass – another application of 30- 60 lbs in late April/early May P and K to soil test recommendations. P is especially important for rapid early growth.

66. Grazing Small Grains Rye most popular for grazing, but all small grains are good pasture crops when properly managed In KY August 1 seeding of rye, oats and triticale yielded 1.3, 1.4 and 1.4 ton/DM/acre on Sept. 30 Grazing can reduce grain yields from 25 to 79%, but yield increases have been reported in Kansas, Texas, Okalahoma, Indiana, New Jersey and Argentina (likely due to increased tillering)

67. When to Graze and When to Stop Grazing Make sure plants well established (6 to 8 inches in height), usually 6 to 8 weeks though not uncommon to graze rye as early as 4 weeks after planting Rotational grazing improves recovery and forage yield For grain production or for maximum hay and silage production, essential to stop grazing when internode elongation begins (hollow stem growth stage)

68. When to Stop Grazing Wheat for Pasture, Oklahoma State http://agweb.okstate,edu/pearl/plantsoil/cropshttp://agweb.okstate,edu/pearl/plantsoil/crops /grains.html

69. Questions?

70. Small Grains for Silage Advantages Often more dependable yields than corn Highest quality at boot or early head emergence, but adequate quality at soft dough with the exception of rye Improved quality and yield over hay Allows better utilization of silage storage space Ensiling reduced palatability problems due to rough awned varieties and 40 to 60% reduction in nitrate level vs. pasture or hay

71. Small Grains for Hay Yield often 2-4 tons/DM/acre Quality best at late boot, especially for rye, but often wait till early milk as a compromise between yield and quality Watch for nitrate accumulation following drought, hailstorms or late frosts especially with oats Cutting, handling and baling recommendations similar to all hay crops