1. PLATE TECTONICS

2. The theory is that the earth’s surface is covered by a number of relatively thin plates which move over the material below. Plate Tectonics Theory

3. PLATE It is a part of the Earth’s surface that behaves as a single rigid unit. Plates are about 100 to 150 km thick. They may be made up of continental crust or oceanic crust or both, on top of a layer of the upper mantle. Plates move in relation to the Earth’s axis and to each other.

4. There are seven large plates: the African, Eurasian, Indo-Australian, Pacific, North American, South American, and Antarctic plates, and several smaller ones ( Cocos, Nazca, Caribbean, Arabian, Philippine, Juan de Fuca, Somali plates).

5. Plate Margin Is the edge of a plate. It is at the plate margins that most seismic, volcanic and tectonic activity is found. There are three types: (a) constructive margins, at which new crust is being formed; (b) destructive margins, at which one plate is moving down below another; (c) conservative (transform) margins, at which plates simply move past each other.

6. Three differing types of plate margin can be distinguished: 1.Constructive or ocean ridge margins. These are the plate margins adjacent to the great mid ocean floor ridges with their extensive rifts of fissures through which basalt magma is poured out. As the plates move apart and as the magma solidifies along their margins so they become enlarged. Example- the mid Atlantic margins of the American and African plates.

7. 2 Destructive margins: When two plates are converging it is believed that the leading edge of one plunges or subducts beneath the other. Such destructive boundaries between converging plates can be divided into three types:

8. Type A. Ocean plate – Continental plate boundaries : The oceanic plate which is of higher density is forced beneath the continental plate. An example is where the Nazca (S.E. Pacific) plate collides with the South American plate. As the Nazca plate plunges at the subduction zone, the friction generated caused it to fracture and heat up. Marked by the occurrence of earthquakes and the generation of volcanic eruption. Example the Andean region

9. Type B. Continental plate – Continental plate boundaries. Two fragments of continental crust may drift towards one another as the ocean floor between them is consumed at the subduction zone. This happens when the Indian sub continent moved towards and collided with the Eurasia plate. The accumulated sediment on the continental margins are squeezed and uplifted to form the Himalayan system of mountains.

10. Type C. Oceanic plate – Oceanic plate boundaries. There is convergence between two oceanic plates and one is subducted beneath the other. Such a boundary is marked at the surface by the formation of ocean trenches and associated chain of volcanic islands (island arcs). Examples are the West Indies, Tonga, the Aleutians, and the Marianas.

11. 3. Conservative margins. These are the margins where plates slide past each other. The plates neither gain nor lose material. Example the great San Andreas fault, along the western margin of North America.

12. Island Arcs A curved chain of islands with the convex (outer) side of the curve facing the open ocean. There is a deep oceanic trench on the convex side of the arc and deep sea on the opposite side. Island arcs are regions where deep-focus earthquakes occur. The islands may also show volcanic activity.

13. Caribbean Plate The Caribbean plate forms an oval shape around the Pan-Caribbean i.e. all islands and countries that the Caribbean sea touches. On the North it is bordered by the Cayman Trench and the Puerto Rico Trench, on the east is the island arc of the West Indies, and on the south border is the South American plate and the Acapulco Deep.

14. At the plate margins, countries experience violent earthquakes, fault ruptures, tsunamis, seiches, subsidence, submarine slides, active volcanic activities, formation of deep sea trenches, formation of fold mountains, formation of mid oceanic ridges. It is as a result of these events that human beings are displaced.

15. Social Displacement 1. Displacement of population 2. Destruction of crops 3. Destruction of livestock 4. Disruption to tourism 5. Change in weather patterns 6. Landslides 7. Environmental pollution

16. 8. Serious and uncontrolled fires 9. Flooding 10. Disruption of communication 11.Destruction of settlements 12. Disruption of communications 13. Destruction of infrastructure 14. Loss of farmland and forests 15. Release of hazardous materials 16. Spread of chronic illness\ 17. Breakage of sewage disposal system