1. 15
The
Special
Senses

2. Of the following senses, which accounts for the majority of sensory receptors in the body?
Hearing
Olfaction
Vision
Gustation
Answer: c. Vision
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3. Of the following senses, which accounts for the majority of sensory receptors in the body?
Hearing
Olfaction
Vision
Gustation
Answer: c. Vision
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4. Which of the following terms is a synonym for eyelids?
Commissures
Palpebrae
Caruncles
Tarsal plates
Answer: b. Palpebrae
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5. Which of the following terms is a synonym for eyelids?
Commissures
Palpebrae
Caruncles
Tarsal plates
Answer: b. Palpebrae
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6. Pinkeye is an infection of the _______ of the eye.
conjunctiva
lacrimal apparatus
cornea
palpebrae
Answer: a. conjunctiva
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7. Pinkeye is an infection of the _______ of the eye.
conjunctiva
lacrimal apparatus
cornea
palpebrae
Answer: a. conjunctiva
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8. In order to turn the eye straight down, the actions of the _______ muscle(s) is (are) required.
superior rectus and superior oblique
inferior rectus
inferior rectus and lateral rectus
inferior rectus and superior oblique
Answer: d. inferior rectus and superior oblique
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9. In order to turn the eye straight down, the actions of the _______ muscle(s) is (are) required.
superior rectus and superior oblique
inferior rectus
inferior rectus and lateral rectus
inferior rectus and superior oblique
Answer: d. inferior rectus and superior oblique
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10. The cornea is actually part of the ______ layer of the eye.
fibrous
vascular
sensory
scleral
Answer: a. fibrous
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11. The cornea is actually part of the ______ layer of the eye.
fibrous
vascular
sensory
scleral
Answer: a. fibrous
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12. Sympathetic fibers innervating the iris of the eye cause which response?
Constriction
Dilation
Papillary decrease
Rapid blinking
Answer: b. Dilation
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13. Sympathetic fibers innervating the iris of the eye cause which response?
Constriction
Dilation
Papillary decrease
Rapid blinking
Answer: b. Dilation
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14. Focusing an object on the _______ provides the highest visual acuity.
rods
blind spot
fovea centralis
choroid
Answer: c. fovea centralis
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15. Focusing an object on the _______ provides the highest visual acuity.
rods
blind spot
fovea centralis
choroid
Answer: c. fovea centralis
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16. Glaucoma is a disorder in which _______.
the scleral venous sinus becomes blocked
intraocular pressure increases above 16 mm Hg
the retina is compressed and its blood supply is blocked
all of the above occur
Answer: d. all of the above occur
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17. Glaucoma is a disorder in which _______.
the scleral venous sinus becomes blocked
intraocular pressure increases above 16 mm Hg
the retina is compressed and its blood supply is blocked
all of the above occur
Answer: d. all of the above occur
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18. The formation of rainbows reflects the fact that _______.
during rain showers, an abundance of electromagnetic energy is available
visible light consists of multiple wavelengths of light
light travels in a linear fashion
X rays become visible by reflecting off of raindrops
Answer: b. visible light consists of multiple wavelengths of light
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19. The formation of rainbows reflects the fact that _______.
during rain showers, an abundance of electromagnetic energy is available
visible light consists of multiple wavelengths of light
light travels in a linear fashion
X rays become visible by reflecting off of raindrops
Answer: b. visible light consists of multiple wavelengths of light
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20. Sympathetic innervation is predominant during _______.
distant vision
close vision
accommodation of the lenses
myopic vision
Answer: a. distant vision
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21. Sympathetic innervation is predominant during _______.
distant vision
close vision
accommodation of the lenses
myopic vision
Answer: a. distant vision
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22. Functional differences between rod vision and cone vision can be explained because _______.
in cones, the disc membrane is continuous with the plasma membrane
in rods, the discs are discontinuous
rods participate in converging pathways where as many as 100 rods connect with a single ganglion cell
rods have one of three different pigments sensitive to different wavelengths of light
Answer: c. rods participate in converging pathways where as many as 100 rods connect with a single ganglion cell
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23. Functional differences between rod vision and cone vision can be explained because _______.
in cones, the disc membrane is continuous with the plasma membrane
in rods, the discs are discontinuous
rods participate in converging pathways where as many as 100 rods connect with a single ganglion cell
rods have one of three different pigments sensitive to different wavelengths of light
Answer: c. rods participate in converging pathways where as many as 100 rods connect with a single ganglion cell
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24. Visual pigments are differentiated based on the identity of the ______ protein.
retinal
vitamin A
11-cis-isomer
opsin
Answer: d. opsin
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25. Visual pigments are differentiated based on the identity of the ______ protein.
retinal
vitamin A
11-cis-isomer
opsin
Answer: d. opsin
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26. The light-dependent step in vision involves _______.
stimulating the transformation in retinal from the 11-cis isomer to the 11-trans isomer
maintaining the dark current in the outer segments of the visual receptors
opening the cation channels in the outer segments of the visual receptors
release of neurotransmitter to the bipolar cells
Answer: a. stimulating the transformation in retinal from the 11-cis isomer to the 11-trans isomer
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27. The light-dependent step in vision involves _______.
stimulating the transformation in retinal from the 11-cis isomer to the 11-trans isomer
maintaining the dark current in the outer segments of the visual receptors
opening the cation channels in the outer segments of the visual receptors
release of neurotransmitter to the bipolar cells
Answer: a. stimulating the transformation in retinal from the 11-cis isomer to the 11-trans isomer
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28. The detection of light is ultimately communicated to the brain because of _______.
photoreceptor cell depolarization
photoreceptor cells releasing neurotransmitter
photoreceptor cell hyperpolarization
bipolar cells receiving excitatory postsynaptic potentials
Answer: c. photoreceptor cell hyperpolarization
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29. The detection of light is ultimately communicated to the brain because of _______.
photoreceptor cell depolarization
photoreceptor cells releasing neurotransmitter
photoreceptor cell hyperpolarization
bipolar cells receiving excitatory postsynaptic potentials
Answer: c. photoreceptor cell hyperpolarization
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30. During light adaptation, _______.
the cone system turns off and the rod system turns on
we lose retinal sensitivity, but gain visual acuity
the pupils dilate to allow more light to enter the eye
rhodopsin accumulates and transducin returns to the outer segment
Answer: b. we lose retinal sensitivity, but gain visual acuity
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31. During light adaptation, _______.
the cone system turns off and the rod system turns on
we lose retinal sensitivity, but gain visual acuity
the pupils dilate to allow more light to enter the eye
rhodopsin accumulates and transducin returns to the outer segment
Answer: b. we lose retinal sensitivity, but gain visual acuity
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32. Which structures are the visual reflex centers controlling the extrinsic muscles of the eyes?
Lateral geniculate bodies
Pretectal nuclei
Superior colliculi
Suprachiasmatic nuclei
Answer: c. Superior colliculi
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33. Which structures are the visual reflex centers controlling the extrinsic muscles of the eyes?
Lateral geniculate bodies
Pretectal nuclei
Superior colliculi
Suprachiasmatic nuclei
Answer: c. Superior colliculi
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34. The receptive structures for smell are the _______.
olfactory stem cells
supporting cells of the olfactory epithelium
filaments of the olfactory nerve
olfactory sensory neurons and cilia
Answer: d. olfactory sensory neurons and cilia
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35. The receptive structures for smell are the _______.
olfactory stem cells
supporting cells of the olfactory epithelium
filaments of the olfactory nerve
olfactory sensory neurons and cilia
Answer: d. olfactory sensory neurons and cilia
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36. In detection of smell, odorants themselves _______.
bind to receptors and stimulate opening of ion channels
are neurotransmitters
are detected by chemoreceptors in the lungs
are or do all of the above
Answer: a. bind to receptors and stimulate opening of ion channels
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37. In detection of smell, odorants themselves _______.
bind to receptors and stimulate opening of ion channels
are neurotransmitters
are detected by chemoreceptors in the lungs
are or do all of the above
Answer: a. bind to receptors and stimulate opening of ion channels
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38. Taste is 80% smell. The relationship between smell and taste is evidenced by the fact that both sensations are a type of ________.
photoreception
baroreception
mechanoreception
chemoreception
Answer: d. chemoreception
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39. Taste is 80% smell. The relationship between smell and taste is evidenced by the fact that both sensations are a type of ________.
photoreception
baroreception
mechanoreception
chemoreception
Answer: d. chemoreception
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40. The hearing receptors are located in the _______.
external ear
middle ear
internal ear
tympanic cavity
Answer: c. internal ear
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41. The hearing receptors are located in the _______.
external ear
middle ear
internal ear
tympanic cavity
Answer: c. internal ear
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42. The _______ of sound waves is interpreted as differing pitches, whereas the _______ of sound waves is interpreted as loudness.
frequency; amplitude
quality; decibels
amplitude; frequency
decibels; quality
Answer: a. frequency; amplitude
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43. The _______ of sound waves is interpreted as differing pitches, whereas the _______ of sound waves is interpreted as loudness.
frequency; amplitude
quality; decibels
amplitude; frequency
decibels; quality
Answer: a. frequency; amplitude
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44. Which homeostatic imbalance is characterized by a howling ringing in the ears, vertigo, vomiting, and nausea?
Conduction deafness
Tinnitus
Sensorineural deafness
Ménière's syndrome
Answer: d. Ménière's syndrome
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45. Which homeostatic imbalance is characterized by a howling ringing in the ears, vertigo, vomiting, and nausea?
Conduction deafness
Tinnitus
Sensorineural deafness
Ménière's syndrome
Answer: d. Ménière's syndrome
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46. The middle ear ossicles serve to ______ the sound waves onto the oval window.
bypass
amplify
transduce
interpret
Answer: b. amplify
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47. The middle ear ossicles serve to ______ the sound waves onto the oval window.
bypass
amplify
transduce
interpret
Answer: b. amplify
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48. Transduction of sound stimuli occurs as a result of _______.
bending of the hair cells, which stimulates the opening of the mechanically gated ion channels in their membrane
a receptor potential generation
release of the neurotransmitter glutamate
all of the above
Answer: d. all of the above
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49. Transduction of sound stimuli occurs as a result of _______.
bending of the hair cells, which stimulates the opening of the mechanically gated ion channels in their membrane
a receptor potential generation
release of the neurotransmitter glutamate
all of the above
Answer: d. all of the above
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50. Dynamic and static equilibrium transduction both use the principle of ________.
mechanoreception
chemoreception
thermoreception
photoreception
Answer: a. mechanoreception
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51. Dynamic and static equilibrium transduction both use the principle of ________.
mechanoreception
chemoreception
thermoreception
photoreception
Answer: a. mechanoreception
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52. At what age is it estimated that we would lose all of our hearing receptors?
60 years
80 years
100 years
140 years
Answer: d. 140 years
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53. At what age is it estimated that we would lose all of our hearing receptors?
60 years
80 years
100 years
140 years
Answer: d. 140 years
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