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The Shoulder Unit 16
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Upper Extremity Injuries
Upper extremities are vulnerable to a variety of injuries depending on the sport, including: Sprains Strains Dislocations Fractures
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Upper Extremity Injuries
Upper extremities are vulnerable to a variety of injuries depending on the sport, including: Separations to the thoracic cage, shoulder, arm, and hand Repetitive motion injuries such as arthritis, bursitis, tendonitis
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Shoulder Complex Physiology
Bones Muscles Tendons Ligaments Articulations
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Bones Humerus Scapula Clavicle
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THE JOINTS Sternoclavicular joint (SC joint) Coracoclavicular joint
Sternoclavicular ligament Coracoclavicular joint Coracoclavicular ligament Acromioclavicular joint (AC joint) Acromioclavicular ligament Coracoacromial joint Coracoacromial ligament
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Scapulothoracic articulation
Glenohumeral joint Glenohumeral ligaments Scapulothoracic articulation
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Muscles in motion FLEXION Anterior deltoid Biceps brachii
Primary mover Biceps brachii Secondary mover
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EXTENSION Posterior deltoid Prim. Mover Triceps brachii Sec. Mover
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ABDUCTION Supraspinatus Middle deltoid Trapezius 1st 5-10 degrees
Last 90 degrees Trapezius Assists in movement above 90 degrees
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ADDUCTION Latissimus dorsi Pectoralis major
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HORIZONTAL FLEXION Pectoralis major Anterior deltoid
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HORIZONTAL EXTENSION Posterior deltoid Infraspinatus Teres minor/major
Rhomboids Trapezius Stabilizer
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CIRCUMDUCTION Basically all muscles of the shoulder
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INTERNAL ROTATION Subscapularis Pectoralis major EXTERNAL ROTATION
Little help EXTERNAL ROTATION Infraspinatus Teres minor/major
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Scapular Elevation Scapular Depression Scapular protraction Scapular retraction ****find muscles that perform these motions
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Assessing Shoulder Injuries
P S
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History What is the cause of pain? Mechanism of injury?
Previous history? Location, duration and intensity of pain? Creptitus, numbness, distortion in temperature Weakness or fatigue? What provides relief?
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Observation Elevation or depression of shoulder tips
Position and shape of clavicle Acromion process Biceps and deltoid symmetry Postural assessment (kyphosis, lordosis, shoulders) Position of head and arms Scapular elevation and symmetry Scapular protraction or winging Muscle symmetry Scapulohumeral rhythm
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Palpation Bony structure palpation should occur bilaterally and simultaneously if possible Palpate soft tissue structures for point tenderness, swelling, spasms, lumps, guarding or trigger points Be sure to palpate anteriorly and posteriorly
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Special Tests ROM test for external rotation of the shoulder
ROM test for internal rotation of the shoulder Specific ROM tests for the shoulder including abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, horizontal adduction, horizontal abduction
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Manual muscle tests for the shoulder
External rotation strength tests Internal rotation strength test for the shoulder Extension strength test for the shoulder Flexion strength test for the shoulder Abduction and adduction strength tests for the shoulder Empty can test
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Apprehension test (Crank test)
Apprehension test used for anterior glenohumeral instability This motion should not be forced
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Test for Shoulder Impingement
Neer’s test and Hawkins-Kennedy test for impingement used to assess impingement of soft tissue structures Positive test is indicated by pain and grimace
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Test for Supraspinatus Weakness
Empty Can Test 90 degrees of shoulder flexion, internal rotation and 30 degrees of horizontal abduction Downward pressure is applied Weakness and pain are assessed bilaterally
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Types of Shoulder Injuries
Fractures Clavicle, humerus, scapula Cause: fall on outstretched arm, direct blow S/S: pain, deformity, decreased ROM, swelling Perform percussion test, compression test
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Treatment Prevention: Sling/splint PRICE Physcian/EMS Follow orders
Instruct how to fall Proper equipment
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Hockey Clavicle Fracture
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Dislocations and subluxations
AC, SC, GH jts Cause: head of humerus forced/displaced from glenoid S/S: pop, dead arm, pain, deformity, swelling, loss of ROM/strength
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Treatment Prevention DO NOT relocated PRICE
Check circulation/sensation Physician / x-rays Follow orders Prevention Strengthen jt Proper equipment Falling
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Anterior Posterior
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Posterior
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Shoulder dislocation-rugby
Dwayne Wade
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Contusions Myositis ossificans Cause: direct blow/bony area or muscles
S/S: pain, decreased ROM, r/o other injuries Treatment: ice, padding, rehab, flexibility Prevention: proper equipment, mechanics Myositis ossificans
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Sprains Cause: over stretch/tear ligament, capsule
What motions/events would cause this? S/S: pt tender, weak, swelling, instability, possible deformity, decreased ROM Treatment PRICE Physician, follow orders Rehab Prevention Proper equipment/technique Strengthening/stretching Inspect playing areas Taping/bracing
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Sternoclavicular Sprain
Cause of Injury Indirect force, blunt trauma (may cause displacement) Signs of Injury Grade 1 - pain and slight disability Grade 2 - pain, subluxation w/ deformity, swelling and point tenderness and decreased ROM Grade 3 - gross deformity (dislocation), pain, swelling, decreased ROM Possibly life-threatening if dislocates posteriorly Care PRICE, immobilization Immobilize for 3-5 weeks followed by graded reconditioning
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Acromioclavicular Sprain
Cause of Injury Result of direct blow (from any direction), upward force from humerus, fall on outstretched arm Signs of Injury Grade 1 - point tenderness and pain w/ movement; no disruption of AC joint Grade 2 - tear or rupture of AC ligament, partial displacement of lateral end of clavicle; pain, point tenderness and decreased ROM (abduction/adduction) Grade 3 - Rupture of AC and CC ligaments with dislocation of clavicle; gross deformity, pain, loss of function and instability
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Care Ice, stabilization, referral to physician
Grades 1-3 (non-operative) will require 3-4 days (grade 1) and 2 weeks of immobilization ( grade 3) respectively Aggressive rehab is required w/ all grades Joint mobilizations, flexibility exercises, & strengthening should occur immediately Progress as athlete is able to tolerate w/out pain and swelling Padding and protection may be required until pain-free ROM returns
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Specific tests Sulcus test, apprehension test for sprain of the anterior capsule Acromioclavicular (AC) sprain test Sternoclavicular (SC) sprain test
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Types of Shoulder Injuries
Strains Cause: overstretching of muscles S/S: similar to sprains Treatment: PRICE, physician if necessary, follow orders, rehab Prevention Stretching, strengthening Drop arm test-specific test
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What do you see? L clavicle elevation, bruising, left shoulder higher What do you think the injury is? Grade 2 AC sprain, left. Bull rider
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Impingement Cause: pinching of soft tissue w/overhead activity; overuse S/S: pain, weakness, pt tenderness Hawkins-Kennedy test, winged scapula test Treatment PRICE, decrease inflam., physician Strengthen RC, scapular stabilizers Prevention RC strengthening, proper mechanics
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Rotator cuff tear Signs of Injury
Involves supraspinatus or rupture of other rotator cuff tendons Primary mechanism - acute trauma (high velocity rotation) Occurs near insertion on greater tuberosity Full thickness tears usually occur in those athletes w/ a long history of impingement or instability (generally does not occur in athlete under age 40) Signs of Injury Present with pain with muscle contraction Tenderness on palpation and loss of strength due to pain Loss of function, swelling With complete tear, impingement and empty can test are positive
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Care RICE for modulation of pain
Progressive strengthening of rotator cuff Reduce frequency and level of activity initially with a gradual and progressive increase in intensity
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Shoulder Bursitis Etiology Signs of Injury Management
Chronic inflammatory condition due to trauma or overuse - subacromial bursa May develop from direct impact or fall on tip of shoulder Signs of Injury Pain w/ motion and tenderness during palpation in subacromial space; positive impingement tests Management Cold packs and NSAID’s to reduce inflammation Remove mechanisms precipitating condition Maintain full ROM to reduce chances of contractures and adhesions from forming
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Bicipital Tenosynovitis
Cause of Injury Repetitive overhead athlete - ballistic activity that involves repeated stretching of biceps tendon causing irritation to the tendon and sheath Signs of Injury Tenderness over bicipital groove, swelling, crepitus due to inflammation Pain when performing overhead activities Care Rest and ice to treat inflammation NSAID’s Gradual program of strengthening and stretching
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Types of Shoulder Injuries
Tendonitis Cause: overuse to tendons Speed’s test Treatment: PRICE, anti-inflammatory, rehab, etc Prevention: Ice post activity, conditioning, mechanics,
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Synovitis and bursitis
Cause: inflammation of synovial lining/bursa Overuse, direct trauma S/S: pain, crepitus, swelling, decreased mobility Treatment: PRICE or heat, stretching pain free ROM, mechanics, etc Prevention: mechanics
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