1. Women as Users and Inventors Team Broncos Jason Burgess Celia Pazos Enrique Barajas Ileana Cruz

2. “Tools preceded machinery. The cylindrical log or rock with which a savage woman triturates foodstuffs is a tool; so is the muller, with which grain is reduced to meal on a metate. But it is next door to a machine-that is, a contrivance in which a vertical shaft is used, fixed in the upper stone and loosely piercing the nether…the earliest form of this meal-producing machine is found in the hands of women”-Otis Mason 1984 Mothers and Daughters of Invention Autumn Stanley

3. What is a tool? A tool is a device that can be used to produce or achieve something, but that is not consumed in the process A tool is a device that can be used to produce or achieve something, but that is not consumed in the process Jason Burgess

4. What is a machine? “A machine is a device that uses energy to perform some activity” “A machine is a device that uses energy to perform some activity”deviceenergydeviceenergy Jason Burgess

5. Elements of Machines Wheel and Axle: A wheel is attached to a center axle, When the wheel is turned the axle turns with a shorter more powerful motion Wheel and Axle: A wheel is attached to a center axle, When the wheel is turned the axle turns with a shorter more powerful motion Wedge: A wedge converts motion in one direction into a splitting motion Wedge: A wedge converts motion in one direction into a splitting motion Gears: Gears are toothed or pegged wheels meshed together to transmit motion and force Gears: Gears are toothed or pegged wheels meshed together to transmit motion and force Jason Burgess

6. Tool vs. Machine A tool is a simple device such as a hammer used to make an activity easier. A tool is a simple device such as a hammer used to make an activity easier. A machine is mechanical device that uses energy to perform a process A machine is mechanical device that uses energy to perform a process Both tools and machines are forms of technology to make life easier. Both tools and machines are forms of technology to make life easier. Jason Burgess

7. Ancient Mallet The ancient mallet is a tool because it is an instrument of manual operation. Jason Burgess

8. Medieval Catapult Catapult is a machine because of the mechanical operation utilized Jason Burgess

9. Leonardo Da Vinci’s counting machine In 1967 researches discovered two unknown works by Leonardo da Vinci and were labeled “Codex Matrix” In 1967 researches discovered two unknown works by Leonardo da Vinci and were labeled “Codex Matrix” Dr. Roberto Guatelli Combined Codex Matrix with a previously deciphered codex which was labeled Codex Atlanticus and built a replica. Dr. Roberto Guatelli Combined Codex Matrix with a previously deciphered codex which was labeled Codex Atlanticus and built a replica. The replica was then displayed at an IBM convention with the following text beside it “…Leonardo's mechanism maintains a constant ratio of ten to one in each of its 13 digit-registering wheels. For each complete revolution of the first handle, the unit wheel is turned slightly to register a new digit ranging from zero to nine…” The replica was then displayed at an IBM convention with the following text beside it “…Leonardo's mechanism maintains a constant ratio of ten to one in each of its 13 digit-registering wheels. For each complete revolution of the first handle, the unit wheel is turned slightly to register a new digit ranging from zero to nine…” Jason Burgess

10. Celia Pazos

11. Women’s role in society as an influence for invention MEN’S role- Hunter MEN’S role- Hunter Earliest hunters did not use tools or weapons Earliest hunters did not use tools or weapons WOMEN’S role- gatherer WOMEN’S role- gatherer Digging stick used as a lever. Used primarily for gathering makes it a woman’s tool Digging stick used as a lever. Used primarily for gathering makes it a woman’s tool Women’s place in the home led her to invent machines to make tasks easier Women’s place in the home led her to invent machines to make tasks easier Celia Pazos

12. Women’s role as burden bearer led to invention of inclined plane and wedge Women’s role as burden bearer led to invention of inclined plane and wedge Burden Bearing also led to invention of parbuckle-earliest form of a pulley used to hoist bundles and load onto woman’s backs Burden Bearing also led to invention of parbuckle-earliest form of a pulley used to hoist bundles and load onto woman’s backs Celia Pazos

13. The pulley was also used by Sioux women The pulley was also used by Sioux women “The woman’s device for drawing the skin covering to the top of tent poles” “The woman’s device for drawing the skin covering to the top of tent poles” Celia Pazos

14. Pottery-making exclusively a woman’s role Pottery-making exclusively a woman’s role In Rio Azul, Guatemala a screw top ceramic jar was found (dating back to 5 th century) In Rio Azul, Guatemala a screw top ceramic jar was found (dating back to 5 th century) Celia Pazos

15. Role in Society Machine/ToolPurpose GathererLever To pull yams out of the ground Miner (collected red clay) Inclined Plane To help transport load Burden Bearer Pulley To load rock, water etc onto back Pottery Maker Screw Lid for jar

16. Take-over of mechanical invention occurred Take-over of mechanical invention occurred For example the printing press- invention of food presses only needed to be adapted to press ink on paper and looking as far back as 4 th cent BCE Sumerian women pressed images into moist clay For example the printing press- invention of food presses only needed to be adapted to press ink on paper and looking as far back as 4 th cent BCE Sumerian women pressed images into moist clay Celia Pazos

17. Another example is the cotton gin Another example is the cotton gin Debated what role Catherine Greene had in its invention, but we do know Eli Whitney paid her royalties and once admitted her help. Debated what role Catherine Greene had in its invention, but we do know Eli Whitney paid her royalties and once admitted her help. Celia Pazos

18. Class Struggle- Women’s role in invention muted because their contributions to “important” machines are ignored and the machines they do invent are classified as “domestic” Class Struggle- Women’s role in invention muted because their contributions to “important” machines are ignored and the machines they do invent are classified as “domestic” Celia Pazos

19. Machines Invented by Women Beulah Louise Henry- also known as “Lady Edison” Beulah Louise Henry- also known as “Lady Edison” Bobbin-free sewing machine Bobbin-free sewing machine Vacuum ice cream freezer- This machine was used to make ice cream Vacuum ice cream freezer- This machine was used to make ice cream Enrique Barajas

20. Bessie Blount- African American women inventor Bessie Blount- African American women inventor She was a physical therapist for soldiers during WWII. She was a physical therapist for soldiers during WWII. She patented a device that allowed amputees to feed themselves. She patented a device that allowed amputees to feed themselves. Enrique Barajas

21. Mabel MacFarren Rockewell- She helped design the power system for the Colorado River Aqueduct. Mabel MacFarren Rockewell- She helped design the power system for the Colorado River Aqueduct. Was also the only woman involved in designing and installing the power-generating machinery for Hoover Dam. Was also the only woman involved in designing and installing the power-generating machinery for Hoover Dam. Enrique Barajas

22. Agriculture Machines Poultry raising supplies and equipment Poultry raising supplies and equipment Incubator egg-turning device Incubator egg-turning device Incubator trap Incubator trap Garden tools and equipment Garden tools and equipment Lawn mower Lawn mower Stock raising equipment Stock raising equipment Automatic feeding hopper Automatic feeding hopper Stock-feeding device Stock-feeding device Enrique Barajas

23. “Laser machines” These are the ultimate electrical “machines” These are the ultimate electrical “machines” Mary Spaeth- invented the tunable dye laser Mary Spaeth- invented the tunable dye laser She also invented the resonant reflector for the army. This invention has made modern supermarket check-out technology workable. She also invented the resonant reflector for the army. This invention has made modern supermarket check-out technology workable. Enrique Barajas

24. Medical Machines Jesse Wright’s rocking bed for patients needing help with their breathing. Jesse Wright’s rocking bed for patients needing help with their breathing. Oxygen tent by Dr. Anne Chamney Oxygen tent by Dr. Anne Chamney Mary Gibbons contribution to the prototype heart-lung machine Mary Gibbons contribution to the prototype heart-lung machine Enrique Barajas

25. Manufacturing Pauline Berke of Los Angeles developed a shaping machine for hot dog buns. Pauline Berke of Los Angeles developed a shaping machine for hot dog buns. A Japanese woman invented a doughnut machine. A Japanese woman invented a doughnut machine. Enrique Barajas

26. Office Machines Calculator Calculator Duplicating machine Duplicating machine Signature roll for duplicating machine Signature roll for duplicating machine Alignment device for duplicating machine Alignment device for duplicating machine Stamp and label applying machine Stamp and label applying machine Enrique Barajas

27. Miscellaneous/ Other Machines Voting machine by Susan Huhn Voting machine by Susan Huhn Luggage carrier patented in 1978 by Deborah Ratchford. Luggage carrier patented in 1978 by Deborah Ratchford. Fog-dispersing machine Fog-dispersing machine Enrique Barajas

28. 19 th Century Women’s Inventions Mary Dixon Kies – 1809, invented a process for weaving straw with silk or thread. Mary Dixon Kies – 1809, invented a process for weaving straw with silk or thread. Mary Dixon Kies Mary Dixon Kies Sarah Mather – 1845, invention of a submarine telescope and lamp. Sarah Mather – 1845, invention of a submarine telescope and lamp. Ileana Cruz

29. Elizabeth J. Ames Howe- invented the sewing machine. Helene Augusta Blanchard- invented the zigzag sewing Mary P. Carpenter- invented sewing machine needle & arm, & a fading mechanism Eliza Alexander- invented leather-sewing machine Ileana Cruz

30. Josephine G. Cochran- developed the Power- Moded Dishwasher Josephine G. Cochran- developed the Power- Moded Dishwasher Margaret A. Wilcox- combined dish & clothes washer Margaret A. Wilcox- combined dish & clothes washer Aslate, Juliet L. Ryon- invented the Soap-Grater” Aslate, Juliet L. Ryon- invented the Soap-Grater” Annie Rhoads- invented the “washing powder” Annie Rhoads- invented the “washing powder” Ileana Cruz

31. Emma D. Mills- invented the typewriter Emma D. Mills- invented the typewriter Ileana Cruz

32. Eris Hodson- invented the “Potato- Digger” Eris Hodson- invented the “Potato- Digger” Ileana Cruz

33. Harriet Tracy’s- invented “Safety Elevators” Harriet Tracy’s- invented “Safety Elevators” Ileana Cruz

34. Harriet A. Strong- invented a device allowing her to open windows Harriet A. Strong- invented a device allowing her to open windows Ileana Cruz

35. Fire Escapes- 1892; Barbara Fox Postage Stamp Vending Machine- 1891; Lizzie J, Darr Reclining Chair- 1898; Carrie E. Browers Coin Operated Machine- 1800’s; Clara E. Patterson Camera- 1883; Emma Allen & Laura Girwin Folding Cabinet Bed- 1885; Sarah Goodes

36. Quiz 1. What is the difference between tool and machine? 2. Name one of the earliest machines created women and influenced by their role in society. 3. Who was known as “Lady Edison”? 4. In what year was the typewriter invented? 5. List three contemporary machines invented by women.