1. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 1 Solar cycle variability of atmospheric waves and tides as observed by SuperDARN Elsayed R. Talaat Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory J. Michael Ruohoniemi, Raymond G. Greenwald Virginia Polytechnic and State University elsayed.talaat@jhuapl.edu

2. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 2 SuperDARN HF Radars

3. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 3 SuperDARN–insights into mesopause activity Mesopause dynamics dominated by waves –Cause of day-to-day, seasonal, and interannual variability –Drivers of the mean structure of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere SuperDARN meteor wind analysis: –Daily specification of tides and planetary waves –De-aliasing of tidal modes –Non-linear interaction between planetary waves and tides –Long-term analysis of inter-annual and solar cycle variations 73-day oscillation, QBO, solar cycle, SSW Six NH radars with >10 years of near continuous data are used: –Kapuskasing, Saskatoon, Goose Bay, Hankasalmi, Stokkseyri, Pykkvibaer

4. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 4 diurnal > semidiurnal semiannual > annual Periodicities in the meridional wind

5. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 5 diurnal < semidiurnal semiannual > annual Periodicities in the meridional wind

6. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 6 diurnal < semidiurnal semiannual > annual Periodicities in the meridional wind

7. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 7 diurnal << semidiurnal semiannual < annual Periodicities in the meridional wind

8. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 8 diurnal < semidiurnal semiannual << annual Periodicities in the meridional wind

9. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 9 diurnal << semidiurnal semiannual < annual Periodicities in the meridional wind

10. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 10 Thermosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere ~30 km ~90 km ~15 km Extreme & Far Ultraviolet Ultraviolet Schumann-Runge Bands & Continuum O2O2 O H2OH2O Altitude (km) O3O3 Infrared QBO SAO Solar Cycle Sensible Heat Latent Heat Forcing of Thermal Tides Temperature

11. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 11 Variability at middle latitudes

12. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 12 Variability at middle latitudes

13. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 13 Variability at high latitudes

14. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 14 Variability at high latitudes

15. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 15 Solar Cycle Prominent

16. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 16 73-day oscillation present

17. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 17 Average Wave Power

18. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 18

19. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 19

20. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 20

21. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 21

22. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 22

23. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 23

24. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 24 Sudden Stratospheric Warmings

25. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 25

26. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 26

27. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 27 Summary At mid- and high-latitudes, a persistent 73-day oscillation observed in the meteor winds. Also seen as a variability in semidiurnal tidal amplitudes. Semiannual variation is larger than annual at low- latitudes; vice versa at high-latitudes. Semidiurnal tide becomes the dominant tide at mid- and high- latitudes. Both diurnal and semidiurnal tide show evidence of solar cycle variability. Not much variation at QBO frequency in the meteor winds. Planetary wave activity peaks at ~2, 5, 8, 10, 15, 25 days QBO signatures associated with sudden stratospheric warming. Significant variability in the long-term analysis of planetary waves at different radars. Solar cycle variability peaks at Kapuskasing and Saskatoon.

28. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 28 Open Questions… Why 73 days (and not 120, etc.)? Geomagnetic effect? Go to the source - examination of lower atmosphere water vapor from MODIS on Aqua and Terra and ozone from TIMED

29. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 29 The migrating (W1) (top) and eastward s=3 diurnal (DE3) (middle) amplitude extracted from TIMED/SABER temperatures (v1.07) at the equator at 90 km and 110 km, respectively. The suppressed amplitudes during 2003, 2005, and 2007 correspond to the westward (blue) phase of the QBO (bottom). Contours are 10 m/sec. Several other tidal modes are of secondary importance. Tides from TIMED/SABER

30. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 30 73-day oscillation

31. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 31 73-day oscillation

32. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 32 Solar cycle variation?

33. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 33 Solar cycle variation?

34. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 34 Solar cycle variation?

35. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 35 Solar cycle variation?

36. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 36 Solar cycle variation?

37. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 37 Acknowledgements The authors are grateful from for support from NSF CEDAR Award 0640864 and the NSF Cooperative Agreement ATM-0418101.

38. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 38 Variability – Saskatoon

39. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 39 Variability – Saskatoon

40. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 40 SuperDARN HF Radars Mesospheric neutral wind measurements Hankasalmi Pykkvibaer Stokkseyri Goose Bay Saskatoon Kapuskasing

41. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 41 Stratospheric Warming Rise in stratospheric temperatures due to the associated breakdown of polar vortex winds Northern hemisphere has minor warmings every winter and major warmings every ~ 2 years Southern hemisphere rarely has major warmings Mesosphere and thermosphere temperature and wind response Connections to low latitude QBO Planetary wave amplification and propagation

42. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 42 Sudden Stratospheric Warmings

43. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 43

44. 2011 SuperDARN Workshop, Hanover, NH 44