1. Illustrations of “The Merchant of Venice”

2. Richard Parkes Bonington. Bassanio and Portia, c. 1826. Although other titles have been suggested for this small picture, the source is clearly Act III, Scene ii, of The Merchant of Venice. Bassanio has wisely chosen the lead casket on the table behind them and found inside it Portia's picture. He now claims her with a kiss as he has been directed by the poem that accompanies "fair Portia's counterfeit": You that choose not by the view Chance as fair, and choose as true. Since this fortune falls to you Be content and seek no new. If you be well pleased with this And hold your fortune for your bliss, Turn you where your lady is, And claim her with a loving kiss. In the background of the picture stand Portia's maid Nerissa and Bassanio's friend Gratiano, two lovers who have had no need of caskets or poems to make their choice of mates.

3. Sir Samuel Luke Fildes. Jessica, exhibited in 1888. By permission of the Folger Shakespeare Library "There will come a Christian boy, will be worth a Jewess' eye" (The Merchant of Venice, Act II, Scene v). Fildes's Jessica was shown in 1888 in an exhibition of twenty- one paintings sponsored by the newspaper Graphic. The series of pictures was entitled Shakespeare's Heroines.Shakespeare's Heroines

4. Sir John Gilbert. Shylock After the Trial. Steel engraving, approximately 6.5 x 10.5 inches, by G. Greatbach. The engraving is from Charles Knight's two-volume Imperial Edition of The Works of Shakespere(London: Virtue and Company, 1873-76). The title of Gilbert's painting is a misidentification and is thus misnamed. After the trial (Act IV, Scene i), Shylock leaves the stage and we hear no more of him. The action Gilbert illustrates occurs in Act II, Scene vii after Shylock learns that his daughter Jessica has eloped with Lorenzo--and a sizeable portion of his money. Salerino and Salanio, friends of Antonio's, describe Shylock running madly through the streets lamenting his lost daughter and money. Salanio: The villain Jew with outcries raised the duke, Who went with him to search Bassanio's ship. Salarino: He came too late, the ship was under sail: But there the duke was given to understand That in a gondola were seen together Lorenzo and his amorous Jessica: Besides, Antonio certified the duke They were not with Bassanio in his ship. Salanio: I never heard a passion so confused, So strange, outrageous, and so variable, As the dog Jew did utter in the streets: 'My daughter! O my ducats! O my daughter! Justice! the law! my ducats, and my daughter! A sealed bag, two sealed bags of ducats, Of double ducats, stolen from me by my daughter! And jewels, two stones, two rich and precious stones, Stolen by my daughter! Justice! find the girl; She hath the stones upon her, and the ducats.'

5. Frederic Leighton. Two Venetian Gentlemen, c. 1862-3. Oil on canvas, 38.5 x 28.5 inches. Private collection.

6. Thomas Sully. Portia and Shylock, 1835. By permission of the Folger Shakespeare Library Oil on canvas, 29 x 38 inches. The Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, D. C. An inscription on the back of the canvas says it illustrates The Merchant of Venice, Act IV, Scene i, lines 230-232. The relevant passage is "Be merciful. / Take thrice thy money; bid me tear the bond." In Sully's painting Portia is poised to tear the bond in two, but Shylock, holding the scale with which he intends to weigh the pound of flesh cut from Antonio, looks harshly upon her and points to the bond. The painting seems unconcerned with fidelity to the text; Portia is not disguised effectively as a judge and Sully is more intent on depicting the merciful, feminine Portia than a "Daniel come to judgment."

7. Henry Woods. Portia, exhibited in 1888. By permission of the Folger Shakespeare Library "Tarry, Jew: The law hath yet another hold on you" (The Merchant of Venice, Act IV, Scene i). Portia was shown in 1888 in an exhibition of twenty-one paintings sponsored by the newspaper Graphic. The series of pictures was entitled Shakespeare's Heroines.Shakespeare's Heroines.

8. Welcome to Renaissance England

9. It’s Time!

10. It’s time to don your doublet!

11. Tighten your trussing!

12. Get on your galligaskins!

13. Females, fit on your farthingales!

14. Smooth your stomachers!

15. Remember your ruffs!

16. Slip on your shoes! And grab your gloves!

17. Ladies? Gentlemen?

18. Is everybody ready? We’re going to the theatre!

20. Shakespeare 1563-1616 1563-1616 Born: Stratford upon Avon, England Born: Stratford upon Avon, England Wrote 37 plays and 154 sonnets Wrote 37 plays and 154 sonnets He started out as an actor He started out as an actor

21. Stratford upon Avon Shakespeare’s birthplace and burial place Shakespeare’s residence outside of London Anne Hathaway’s cottage still stands here along with other monuments Home of the Royal Shakespeare Company London Shakespeare’s workplace as an actor and playwright Home of the Globe Theatre (1599) which was built by (and for the performances of) ‘The Lord Chamberlain’s Men’ until it burnt in 1613.

22. The Globe! Shakespeare’s theatre is located just outside of London, England.

23. The Globe Theater 1599 Burned in 1613

24. The Theatre Plays produced for the general public Plays produced for the general public Roofless- open air Roofless- open air No artificial lighting No artificial lighting Courtyard surrounded by 3 levels of galleries Courtyard surrounded by 3 levels of galleries

25. The New Globe Theater 1999 The New Globe Theater 1999

26. Spectators Wealthy got benches Wealthy got benches “Groundlings”- poorer people stood and watched from the courtyard (“pit”) “Groundlings”- poorer people stood and watched from the courtyard (“pit”) All but wealthy were uneducated/illiterate All but wealthy were uneducated/illiterate Much more interaction than today Much more interaction than today

27. Staging Areas Stage>platform that extended into the pit Stage>platform that extended into the pit Dressing & storage rooms in galleries behind & above stage Dressing & storage rooms in galleries behind & above stage Second-level gallery> upper stage> famous balcony scene in R & J Second-level gallery> upper stage> famous balcony scene in R & J Trap door>ghosts Trap door>ghosts “Heavens”> angelic beings “Heavens”> angelic beings

28. Differences No scenery No scenery Settings > references in dialogue Settings > references in dialogue Elaborate costumes Elaborate costumes Plenty of props Plenty of props Fast-paced, colorful- 2 hours! Fast-paced, colorful- 2 hours!

29. Actors Only men and boys Only men and boys Young boys whose voices had not changed play women’s roles Young boys whose voices had not changed play women’s roles Would have been considered indecent for a woman to appear on stage Would have been considered indecent for a woman to appear on stage

30. A white flag is flying. There’s a play today! It’s afternoon, time for the play to start. The groundlings have paid their penny and are standing to watch the play. The young men are dressing up to take the female roles. The stage is a lower class profession, and no women will appear there. Poetry is a higher class of art than play writing is.

31. The wealthy are in the upper decks. The play is about to begin! We’re in for a real treat! It’s one of Shakespeare’s tragedies! It’s good the plague is over and the theaters are open again.

32. William Shakespeare

33. What do we know about Shakespeare? He was born in 1564. His hometown is Stratford-on- Avon. His father was a middle class butcher, mayor, & glovemaker. He married Anne Hathaway when he was 18 years old. She was 26! They had three children, including a set of twins. He moved to London and became an actor, playwright, and theater owner. His acting company was called “The Lord Chamberlain’s Men.” Later it became “The King’s Men.” He wrote 37 very successful plays. Even Queen Elizabeth enjoyed his plays! His vocabulary was huge: 17,000 to 34,000 words! He purchased a coat of arms to make his family upper class. When he retired he went back to Stratford-on-Avon and bought the best house in town. He has a monument in Westminster Abbey though he’s buried in Stratford- on-Avon. He died in 1616.

34. What do we know about Shakespeare? He has had an amazing influence on our English language.

35. Shakespeare wrote: Comedies Comedies Histories Histories Tragedies Tragedies

36. Have you heard these phrases? I couldn’t sleep a wink. I couldn’t sleep a wink. He was dead as a doornail. He was dead as a doornail. She’s a tower of strength. She’s a tower of strength. They hoodwinked us. They hoodwinked us. I’m green-eyed with jealousy. I’m green-eyed with jealousy. We’d better lie low for awhile. We’d better lie low for awhile. Keep a civil tongue in your head. Keep a civil tongue in your head.

37. They are just some of the many expressions coined by that master of language, William Shakespeare.

38. Now, let the show begin!

39. Shakespeare’s Language Using the handout provided, write the following definitions on your sheet.

40. Elizabethan (QE1) Words An,and: If An,and: If Anon:Soon Anon:Soon Aye: Yes Aye: Yes But:Except for But:Except for E’en:Even E’en:Even E’er: Ever E’er: Ever

41. Haply:Perhaps Haply:Perhaps Happy:Fortunate Happy:Fortunate Hence:Away, from her Hence:Away, from her Hie:Hurry Hie:Hurry Marry:Indeed Marry:Indeed

42. Whence:Where Whence:Where Wilt:Will, will you Wilt:Will, will you Withal:In addition to Withal:In addition to Would:Wish Would:Wish

43. Blank Verse unrhymed verse unrhymed verse iambic (unstressed, stressed) iambic (unstressed, stressed) pentameter( 5 “feet” to a line) pentameter( 5 “feet” to a line) ends up to be 10 syllable lines ends up to be 10 syllable lines

44. Prose Ordinary writing that is not poetry, drama, or song Ordinary writing that is not poetry, drama, or song Only characters in the lower social classes speak this way in Shakespeare’s plays Only characters in the lower social classes speak this way in Shakespeare’s plays Why do you suppose that is? Why do you suppose that is?

45. Plot The sequence of events in a literary work The sequence of events in a literary work

46. Exposition The plot usually begins with this: The plot usually begins with this: introduces>>>> introduces>>>> setting setting characters characters basic situation basic situation

47. Inciting Moment Often called “initial incident” Often called “initial incident” the first bit of action that occurs which begins the plot the first bit of action that occurs which begins the plot What is the inciting moment in ‘The Merchant of Venice’? What is the inciting moment in ‘The Merchant of Venice’?

48. Conflict The struggle that develops The struggle that develops man vs. man man vs. man man vs. himself man vs. himself man vs. society man vs. society man vs. nature man vs. nature

49. Crisis The point where the protagonist’s situation will either get better or worse The point where the protagonist’s situation will either get better or worse protagonist>good guy protagonist>good guy antagonist>bad guy antagonist>bad guy

50. Climax The turning point of the story>everything begins to unravel from here The turning point of the story>everything begins to unravel from here Thus begins the falling action Thus begins the falling action

51. Resolution The end of the central conflict The end of the central conflict

52. Denouement The final explanation or outcome of the plot The final explanation or outcome of the plot If this is included in literature, it will occur after the resolution. If this is included in literature, it will occur after the resolution.

53. Theme Central idea or … Central idea or … Insight about life which explain the downfall Insight about life which explain the downfall

54. Dramatic Foil A character whose purpose is to show off another character A character whose purpose is to show off another character Can you think of any in ‘The Merchant of Venice’? Can you think of any in ‘The Merchant of Venice’?

55. Round characters Characters who have many personality traits, like real people. Characters who have many personality traits, like real people.

56. Flat Characters One-dimensional, embodying only a single trait One-dimensional, embodying only a single trait Shakespeare often uses them to provide comic relief even in a tragedy Shakespeare often uses them to provide comic relief even in a tragedy

57. Static Characters Characters within a story who remain the same. They do not change. They do not change their minds, opinions or character. Characters within a story who remain the same. They do not change. They do not change their minds, opinions or character.

58. Dynamic Character Characters that change somehow during the course of the plot. They generally change for the better. Characters that change somehow during the course of the plot. They generally change for the better.

59. Monologue One person speaking on stage- may be other character on stage too One person speaking on stage- may be other character on stage too Find an example from the text. Find an example from the text.

60. Soliloquy Long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage. Long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage. Find an example from the text. Find an example from the text.

61. Aside Words spoken, usually in an undertone not intended to be heard by all characters Words spoken, usually in an undertone not intended to be heard by all characters

62. Pun Shakespeare loved to use them!!! Shakespeare loved to use them!!! Humorous use of a word with two meanings > sometimes missed by the reader because of Elizabethan language and sexual innuendo Humorous use of a word with two meanings > sometimes missed by the reader because of Elizabethan language and sexual innuendo

63. Dramatic Irony A contradiction between what a character thinks and what the reader/audience knows to be true A contradiction between what a character thinks and what the reader/audience knows to be true

64. Verbal Irony Words used to suggest the opposite of what is meant Words used to suggest the opposite of what is meant

65. Situational Irony An event occurs that directly contradicts the expectations of the characters, the reader, or the audience An event occurs that directly contradicts the expectations of the characters, the reader, or the audience

66. Comic Relief Use of comedy within literature that is NOT comedy to provide “relief” from seriousness or sadness. Use of comedy within literature that is NOT comedy to provide “relief” from seriousness or sadness. Find an example from the text. Find an example from the text.