1. Collapse of the Soviet Union
Chapter 19 Section 4
By: Axel Reed and Ellyn Moll

6. Unrest in the Soviet Union
Nationalists in the Soviet Union wanted freedom after Eastern Europe gained freedom from the Soviet
Russians were the largest and most powerful ethnic group out of the one- hundred ethnic groups within the Soviet
Non-Russians formed the majority of the one-hundred ethnic groups
Tensions between ethnic groups increased as reforms gave more freedom from central control
Unrest starts to spread
Georgia, Ukraine, and Moldavia called for self-rule, while Muslims of the Soviet Central Asia petitioned for religious freedom

7. LOL

8. Boris Yeltsin gained popularity
1940 Soviet Union annexed the Baltic Nations (Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia) after they had been independent states throughout the world wars
Gorbachev directed a blockade of the Republic of Lithuania after they declared their independence in 1990
1991 Soviet army attacks civilians at Lithuania’s capital killing 14 and wounding 150+
Gorbachev ordered the attack in fear that other nations would want independence if Lithuania gained theirs
Gorbachev’s popularity decreased as the economy didn’t progress and because of the attack on Lithuania
Boris Yeltsin gained popularity
Was a member of parliament
Former mayor of Moscow
Yeltsin was Russian Republic’s first directly elected president

9. Hard Liners (conservatives who opposed reform)
Were angry at Gorbachev for pulling out as Eastern Europe’s dominant force
Were scared of losing their power and privilages
Wanted to overthrow Gorbachev and undo all of his reforms
Yeltsin and Gorbachev were enemies, but had common goal of suppressing hard liners
While at his vacation home on the Black Sea, hard liners detained Gorbachev and demanded that he resign as the president of the Soviet Union
The next day hard liners, who called themselves the State Committee, drove tanks through the city in hopes that fear would great further obedience to them
The people rose above their fear and were willing to stand in the way of the State Committee for their freedom
Protesters gathered at Yeltsin’s office

10. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Yeltsin climbed on a tank and spoke to the protesters demanding the country be returned
The State Committee ordered their army to attack parliament, but instead withdrew and Gorbachev regained office
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Loose federation of former soviet territories
Yeltsin met with leaders of other republics to form the CIS
Baltic Republics and Georgia did not join
CIS=“good-bye” to the Soviet Union
Christmas 1991, Gorbachev resigns as president of the Soviet Union

12. The Yeltsin Era
Gorbachev’s resignation made Boris Yeltsin president of the Russian Republic and the most powerful person within the CIS
“Shock Therapy”: an abrupt shift to free-market economics
Eliminated government involvement in the economy
Trade barriers
Price controls
State-owned industries
Inflation rate averaged 800%
Factories cut down production or shut down
Thousands of people were out of work
Economic problems fueled a political crisis
Yeltsin is accused of being a dictator
Legislators who opposed Yeltsin’s economic policies locked themselves into the parliament building.
Yeltsin sent troops into the building forcing them to surrender and some were killed.

13. War in Chechnya Muslim area in SW Russia
Declared their independence, but Yeltsin declined
40,000 troops sent to Chechnya and destroyed the capital, Grozny
With re-election approaching, Russia’s people were angered with Yeltsin, and Yeltsin knew the war would have to come to an end
Yeltsin signed a peace treaty and was re-elected by the people
Right after elections Yeltsin went back to war with Chechnya and as fighting intensified resigned office
Premier Vladamir Putin named president by Yeltsin, who forcefully stopped the rebellion in Chechnya
Gained popularity from Russian citizens and was reelected in 2000.
Economy continued through slump even with a president approved by the people

14. Former yugoslavia

15. Yugoslavia Falls Apart
Ethnic Conflicts; Serbs, Croats, Muslims, Slovenes, Macedonians, and Montenegrins
Yugoslavia formed after WWI
Federation of 6 Republics, each with a mixed population
Josip Tito led Yugoslavia for 35 years until his death when Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic took control.
Ethnic resentments rose
Slovakia and Croatia became republics and declared independence
Yugoslav army invaded both nations and after bloody fighting, both nations won and gained independence
Feb Bosnia-Herzegovina declared their independence
April, Serbia and Montenegro formed new Yugoslavia
Bosnia’s population contained
Muslims 44%
Serbs 31%
Croats 17%

16. March 1992, Bosnian Serbs, supported by Serbia, launched war
Bosnia’s Muslims and Croats were for independence, while Bosnian Serbs were strongly against it
March 1992, Bosnian Serbs, supported by Serbia, launched war
Ethnic Cleansing: policy intended to rid Bosnia of its Muslim population
Used by Serbs for murder and other forms of brutality
By 1995 Serbs controlled 70% of Bosnia
December 1995 Brokered Peace Treaty signed by leaders involved in the war with U.S. and UN
September, Bosnia elected a three-person presidency, one for each ethnic group
Nation continues to experience unrest
Kosovo, made up of almost entirely Albanians, experiences major violence as independence movements escalate
Serbian forces move in with major bloodshed as well
Spring of 1999 NATO begins bombing campaign of Yugoslavia
Yugoslav leaders removed their troops from Kosovo after two months of constant bombing

17. Eastern Europe
Faces Problems
Santa?

18. Eastern Europe Faces Problems
During the 90’s nations of Easter Europe were relatively peaceful compared to Yugoslavia, but faced other problems
Lech Walesa, elected president of Poland in ‘91, attempted to use shock therapy, like Yeltsin, to revive Poland’s bankrupt economy
1995 former Communist, Aleksandr Kwasniewski, elected president after the Polish people were impatient of waiting for Walesa’s plans
Kwasniewski wanted to combine free market policies with greater social benefits, despite his communist background

19. Czechoslovakian reformers launch their own shock therapy plan
Unemployment rose, hurting Slovakia more than the other 2/3 of the country
Differences in economic policy led to divisions between Czech republic and Slovakia
President Havel tried to promote unity, but splitting the nation gained too much support
President Havel resigned, Czechoslovakia split into two countries on January 1, 1993
Havel was elected president of Czech republic and re-elected in 1998 as well.
Each nation had many gains after separation, but still faced obstacles to democracy
Ethnic conflicts and economic progress still needed crucial resolving

20. Key Terms & Themes
Shock Therapy
CIS
Ethnic Cleansing
Yeltsin

21. Changes in government and political process
Boris Yeltsin
Member of parliament and former mayor of Moscow
Russian Republic’s first directly elected president
CIS
COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES
Loose federation of former Soviet territories
Lead to death of Soviet Union
“Shock Therapy”
Abrupt shift to free-market economies
First used by Yeltsin
Ethnic Cleansing
Policy using murder and other forms of brutality against an ethnic group
Serbs used it against Bosnian Muslims to rid Bosnia of its Muslim population
Changes in government and political process
Losing and gaining of power

22. Questions!
Who were the largest and most powerful ethnic group within the Soviet Union?
Who was Boris Yeltsin?
What were hard liners?
What was the CIS and which nations did not want to be apart of it?
What were the effects of Yeltsin’s “shock therapy” plan?
How many republics did Yugoslavia consist of?
Who did the Serbs murder to eliminate their presence in Bosnia?
Which nation was bombed constantly for two months and by whom?
What was the mood like in the ‘90’s in Eastern Europe compared to Yugoslavia?
Why did Czechoslovakia split and who became president of the Czech Republic?

23. What was the CIS and which nations did not want to be apart of it?
Who were the largest and most powerful ethnic group within the Soviet Union?
Russians
Who was Boris Yeltsin?
Member of parliament and former mayor of Moscow
First directly elected president of Russian Republic
First to use “shock therapy”
What were hard liners?
Conservatives who opposed reform
What was the CIS and which nations did not want to be apart of it?
(Commonwealth of Independent States) Loose federation of former Soviet Territories
Baltic Republics and Georgia
What were the effects of Yeltsin’s “shock therapy” plan?
Inflation rate averaged 800%
Factories cut down production or shut down
Thousands of people were out of work
Economic problems fueled a political crisis
Yeltsin is accused of being a dictator

24. How many republics did Yugoslavia consist of?
Six
Who did the Serbs murder to eliminate their presence in Bosnia?
Bosnian Muslims
Which nation was bombed constantly for two months and by whom?
Yugoslavia by NATO
What was the mood like in the ‘90’s in Eastern Europe compared to Yugoslavia?
Nations were relatively stable and did not experience widespread violence
Why did Czechoslovakia split and who became president of the Czech Republic?
Slovakia was hit harder by unemployment and could not agree on economic policy
Václav Havel

25. Works Cited
Beck, Roger B. Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell, Print.
United States of America. The White House. The President. System II. By Ronald Reagan. Web. 17 May <