1. Epistemology Revision How does indirect realism lead to scepticism about the nature of the external world?

2. Epistemology Revision Responses:  Sense data tell us of ‘relations’ between objects (Russell)  The distinction between primary and secondary qualities (Locke)

3. THE ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT: LEIBNIZ, MALCOLM AND PLANTINGA Philosophy of Religion

4. Today’s lesson We will review previous learning, especially objections to Descartes You will learn how to explain Leibniz’s ontological argument and additional ideas from Malcolm and Plantinga

5. Discussion Both Anselm and Descartes argue that it is contradictory to state that ‘God does not exist’ because existence is included in the very concept of God. What do you think, is ‘God does not exist’ a contradiction?

6. Objections to Descartes Hume: ‘All existential statements are synthetic’ Kant: ‘Existence is not a predicate’ The argument doesn’t prove that a perfect being actually exists p.25-26

7. Vardy Video

8. Norman Malcolm Vardy video  What is Malcolm’s argument?  Why do philosophers compare mathematics to God?  Vardy seems to suggest that if something is real for you then this is enough – do you agree?

9. Additional ideas from Leibniz, Malcolm and Plantinga Leibniz: Principle of non- contradiction Malcolm: God’s existence is necessary Plantinga: Possible worlds and maximal excellence p.26-27

10. Review Lesson 3: LeibnizMalcolm / Plantinga Lesson 2: DescartesHume / Kant Lesson 1: AnselmGaunilo

11. Ontological Argument Arguments forArguments against