1. What does adult education offer Christian Education In The Christian Educator’s Handbook on Adult Education CAE 213 Intro to Adult Education

2. Outline of useful concepts in book 1. Cultural factors of North American adults 2. Psychology of adulthood 3. Learning from gender differences 4. How adults learn 5. Inductive teaching 6. Small groups in adult education 7. Teaching younger, middle, and older adults 8. Adult education with ethnic communities

3. The contributions of Malcolm Knowles as listed In The Christian Educator’s Handbook on Adult Education

4. Contributions of Malcolm Knowles Training director in the Massachusetts state office of the National Youth Administration Supervised by Eduard Lindeman, a pioneer adult educator. In 1940 the Boston YMCA asked Knowles to develops their adult education program In Chicago, observed that informal teachers were more effective and began to take adult education training with Cyril Houle.

5. Contributions of Malcolm Knowles Knowles worked for 10 years as a director of training before taking graduate training in adult education. This caused Knowles to think as a practitioner. Knowles saw learning theory as behavioral (training human machines), cognitive (training human brains), and organismic (training humans based on their unique strengths).

6. Contributions of Malcolm Knowles The purpose of education is to develop each individual to his unique potential and the most effective strategy for doing this becomes self- directed learning or inquiry. He believed the application of the principles of adult education in Christian education helped produce mature Christian persons rather than dependent Christian persons.

7. Assumptions AboutPedagogicalAndragogical The LearnerDependentIncreasingly self-directed ExperienceTo be built onA rich resource ReadinessUniform by ageDevelops from life tasks OrientationSubject-centeredTask-centered MotivationExternalInternal

8. Process Elements ElementsPedagogicalAndragogical ClimateFormal competitive Relaxed supportive PlanningBy teacherMutual Need diagnosisBy teacherMutual ObjectivesBy teacherMutual Designing plansContent planLearning contract ActivitiesTransmittalInquiry EvaluationBy teacherBy learner

9. Critical Variables The critical factor in the choice of model is familiarity and previous experience with the content to be learned. The most critical factor in andragogy is the level of learner skill in taking responsibility for learning. Knowles did not think there were any circumstances that necessitated a large lecture hall.

10. Critical Variables Knowles perceived that the motivation of learners was his responsibility, not theirs.He discounted the idea of the genetically low- motivated learner. Motivation to learn comes from arousing in the learner a perception of the benefits from learning something, or the negative consequences of not knowing it. The teacher must make a good case for why certain content is beneficial and should provide hands-on experiences that brings this home.