1. AP World History Uvalde High School

2. Focus Question What events facilitated independence movements in Latin America in the early 19 th century?

3. Latin American Independence Creoles  3.5 million creoles in Latin America by 1800  Only 30,000 peninsulares  Resent tight government and economic regulations  Want to replace peninsulares but retain their privileged position American Revolution Napoleon’s Invasion of Spain & Portugal

4. Latin American Independence 1810 – Miguel de Hidalgo begins uprising in Mexico  Independence gained by Augustine de Iturbide in 1821 1819 – Simon Bolivar (right) gains independence for Columbia  Liberates South America with help from Jose de San Martin  Attempt for a unified northern South America fails in 1830 1821 – Brazil gains independence

5. Problems After Independence Caudillos  Juan Manuel de Rosas (Argentina)  “Machiavelli of the pampas”  Kills over 22,000 people Latin America had little experience with self-government Creoles dominate politics  Only 5% of male population participated in politics Role of the Catholic Church Poor treatment of natives

6. Mexico (1821-1857) 1821-1850’s marked by political instability  Went from monarchy to republic to caudillo rule  Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana (left) dominates politics prior to 1850  Church remains influential  Owns almost 50% of all productive land in Mexico Nationalism grows after Mexican-American War

7. Benito Juarez (1861-1872) Liberal mestizo  First Mexican ruler without a military background Institutes La Reforma  Focus on land redistribution to improve the condition of natives  Confiscates church lands  Speculators and large landowners buy land instead of natives  Most of Mexico’s peasants were landless by 1900 Creates a backlash from Mexican conservatives

8. Porfirio Diaz (1876-1910) Industrialized Mexico  Built railroads  Improved banking system  Focused on oil & mining  Depended on foreign investment Increasingly autocratic Oppressed political opposition

9. Economic Problems Monroe Doctrine (1823) Economic Imperialism?  Britain replaced Spain as the dominant economic force in Latin America  Economy depended heavily on exports  Britain dominated until 1860 Modernization theory vs. Dependency theory

10. U.S. Imperialism

11. U.S. Intervention in Latin America Mexican-American War (1846-1848) Spanish-American War  U.S. gains Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam  “Independence” for Cuba Roosevelt Corollary Panama Canal Mexican Cession as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)

12. U.S. Imperialism

15. “Big Stick” foreign policy

16. Argentina After independence dominated by caudillos Politically stabilized after 1862 Economic growth based on exports  Primary export is beef  Dependent on foreign capital Large numbers of immigrants from Europe  3.5 million from Italy, Germany, Russia, etc.  Golondrinas

17. Latin American Society Few changes for women in Latin America  Remained under the control of their fathers and husbands  Lower class had more economic freedoms  Gained more access to education Racial castes were formally abolished  Racial and ethnic tensions continued