1. POETRY

2. POETRY
A type of literature that expresses ideas, feelings, or tells a story in a specific form (usually using lines and stanzas)

3. POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY POET The poet is the author of the poem.
SPEAKER
The speaker of the poem is the “narrator” of the poem.

4. POETRY FORM FORM - the appearance of the words on the page
LINE - a group of words together on one line of the poem
STANZA - a group of lines arranged together
A word is dead
When it is said,
Some say.
I say it just
Begins to live
That day.

5. KINDS OF STANZAS Couplet = a two line stanza
Triplet (Tercet) = a three line stanza
Quatrain = a four line stanza
Quintet = a five line stanza
Sestet (Sextet) = a six line stanza
Septet = a seven line stanza
Octave = an eight line stanza

6. SOUND EFFECTS

7. RHYTHM The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem
Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.

8. METER A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.
Meter occurs when the stressed and unstressed syllables of the words in a poem are arranged in a repeating pattern.
When poets write in meter, they count out the number of stressed (strong) syllables and unstressed (weak) syllables for each line. They they repeat the pattern throughout the poem.

9. METER cont. FOOT - unit of meter.
A foot can have two or three syllables.
Usually consists of one stressed and one or more unstressed syllables.
TYPES OF FEET
The types of feet are determined by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables.
(cont.)

10. METER cont. TYPES OF FEET (cont.) Iambic - unstressed, stressed
Trochaic - stressed, unstressed
Anapestic - unstressed, unstressed, stressed
Dactylic - stressed, unstressed, unstressed

11. METER cont. Kinds of Metrical Lines monometer = one foot on a line
dimeter = two feet on a line
trimeter = three feet on a line
tetrameter = four feet on a line
pentameter = five feet on a line
hexameter = six feet on a line
heptameter = seven feet on a line
octometer = eight feet on a line

12. FREE VERSE POETRY
Unlike metered poetry, free verse poetry does NOT have any repeating patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables.
Does NOT have rhyme.
Free verse poetry is very conversational - sounds like someone talking with you.
A more modern type of poetry.

13. BLANK VERSE POETRY
Written in lines of iambic pentameter, but does NOT use end rhyme.
from Julius Ceasar
Cowards die many times before their deaths;
The valiant never taste of death but once.
Of all the wonders that I yet have heard,
It seems to me most strange that men should fear;
Seeing that death, a necessary end,
Will come when it will come.

14. RHYME
Words sound alike because they share the same ending vowel and consonant sounds.
(A word always rhymes with itself.)
LAMP
STAMP
Share the short “a” vowel sound
Share the combined “mp” consonant sound
Activity: Rhyme group game

15. END RHYME
A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line
Hector the Collector
Collected bits of string.
Collected dolls with broken heads
And rusty bells that would not ring.

16. Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.
INTERNAL RHYME
A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line.
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.
From “The Raven”
by Edgar Allan Poe

17. NEAR RHYME a.k.a imperfect rhyme, close rhyme
The words share EITHER the same vowel or consonant sound BUT NOT BOTH
ROSE
LOSE
Different vowel sounds (long “o” and “oo” sound)
Share the same consonant sound

18. RHYME SCHEME
A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but not always).
Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern. (See next slide for an example.)
Activity: Rhyme Scheme group game

19. SAMPLE RHYME SCHEME The Germ by Ogden Nash
A mighty creature is the germ,
Though smaller than the pachyderm.
His customary dwelling place
Is deep within the human race.
His childish pride he often pleases
By giving people strange diseases.
Do you, my poppet, feel infirm?
You probably contain a germ. a b c

20. ONOMATOPOEIA Words that imitate the sound they are naming BUZZ
OR sounds that imitate another sound
“The silken, sad, uncertain, rustling of
each purple curtain . . .”

21. ALLITERATION Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?
Activity: Alliteration group game

22. CONSONANCE Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . .
The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words
“silken, sad, uncertain, rustling . . “

23. (All share the long “a” sound.)
ASSONANCE
Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry.
(Often creates near rhyme.)
Lake Fate Base Fade
(All share the long “a” sound.)

24. ASSONANCE cont. Examples of ASSONANCE:
“Slow the low gradual moan came in the snowing.”
John Masefield
“Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep.”
- William Shakespeare

25. REFRAIN A sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly in a poem.
“Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore.’”

26. SOME TYPES OF POETRY WE WILL BE STUDYING

27. LYRIC A short poem Usually written in first person point of view
Expresses an emotion or an idea or describes a scene
Do not tell a story and are often musical
(Many of the poems we read will be lyrics.)
“Valentine for Ernest Mann”

28. NARRATIVE POEM
A poem that tells a story, sometimes a series of events.
“Paul Revere’s Ride” is an example of a narrative poem

29. NARRATIVE POEMS A poem that tells a story.
Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry b/c the poet needs to establish characters and a plot.
Examples of Narrative Poems
“The Raven”
“The Highwayman”
“Casey at the Bat”
“The Walrus and the Carpenter”

30. BALLAD
A songlike poem that tells a story, but it’s not as long as most narrative poems
“The Dying Cowboy” and “The Cremation of Sam McGee” are examples of a ballad

31. EPIC
An epic is a long narrative poem featuring a hero of the culture of that poem. You could create a fictional story or base it on truth (yourself, a friend, a political leader, a sports star)
The main character must act heroically (at least in his own eyes)
The hero must fight a “monster” in some way (even just with words)
You must show an event in this hero’s quest.
Your epic must rhyme (approximate rhymes okay too)
You must use elevated language whenever possible (fancy words rather than simple: a thesaurus is valuable here)
“Beowulf”

32. ODE
Strong positive feeling written in dignified language offers praise
Long, lyric poem rhymed or unrhymed serious subject usually addressed to one person or thing
“Ode to Thanks”

33. SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET abab cdcd efef gg
A fourteen line poem with a specific rhyme scheme.
The poem is written in three quatrains and ends with a couplet.
The rhyme scheme is
abab cdcd efef gg
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date.
Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimmed;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed.
But thy eternal summer shall not fade
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;
Nor shall Death brag thou wanderest in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

34. METAPHOR “Oh Captain My Captain” Title: Subject chosen
Line 1 title +how it arrives or begins
Line 2 tell what it does
Line 3 and how it does it
Line 4 and where it is
Line 5 Tell how it leaves

35. METAPHOR EXAMPLE THUNDER Thunder comes in loud
Like the majestic roar of a lion
It answers the call
Of lightening
By striking fear into people
Away, somewhere in the unknown,
An unknown voice,
And then leaves without a trace
Of its existence
Except in peoples’ stories

36. FREE VERSE A poem with no regular meter or rhyme
“ I Hear America Singing”

37. ELEGY
Pick a person, animal, place, idea, institution, or “thing” that has passed away. It could be someone/something very clos to you, someone/something from history or a fad or concept or place that no longer exists.
There must be one clear subject
The elegy must describe the events surrounding
The elegy must have a rhyme scheme
The elegy must be at least three stanzas long, twelve lines (minimum)
The elegy must have a mournful overall tone
Your elegy must look like a poem, not a prose story.
Your elegy must show careful thought and consideration of the subject.
The elegy must give three examples of figurative language: a simile, a metaphor, and personification
“O Captain! My Captain!”

38. CINQUAIN A five line poem containing 22 syllables How frail
Two Syllables
Four Syllables
Six Syllables
Eight Syllables
How frail
Above the bulk
Of crashing water hangs
Autumnal, evanescent, wan
The moon.

39. IMAGE POEM This poem is to help you “see” things you can write about.
Line 1: Describe the object with two or three adjectives
Line 2: Give the object an action
Line 3 Put the object somewhere

40. PARTS OF SPEECH POEM
Use the following format to write a poem about a person or character.
Line 1: Noun
Line 2: Adjective, adjective
Line 3: Verb-ing, verb-ing, verb-ing
Line 4: Four word free statement
Line 5: Synonym for first line
Ralph Fair, intelligent Swimming, exploring, laughing He tells Piggy’s secret Chief

41. COLOR POEM Title: Pick a Color
Line 1: Describe something associated to it
Line 2: simile or metaphor
Line 3: adverb or adverb phrase (where)

42. PERSONIFICATION POEM
Think of a place that is special. Form an image in your mind of this place. If you need to cluster this image. Then complete the following statements.
I see______
I smell _____
I hear ______
I feel ______
I taste ______
I think ______
After you have written out the sentences, remove the pronouns, verbs, and articles
Sage-covered desert
Freshness of morning
Scream of the hawk
Caress of a breeze
Dew of the wind
New day born

43. A frog jumps into the pond.
HAIKU
A Japanese poem written in three lines
Five Syllables
Seven Syllables
An old silent pond . . .
A frog jumps into the pond.
Splash! Silence again.

44. CONCRETE POEMS
In concrete poems, the words are arranged to create a picture that relates to the content of the poem.
Poetry
Is like
Flames,
Which are
Swift and elusive
Dodging realization
Sparks, like words on the
Paper, leap and dance in the
Flickering firelight. The fiery
Tongues, formless and shifting
Shapes, tease the imiagination.
Yet for those who see,
Through their mind’s
Eye, they burn
Up the page.

45. IMPORTANT POEM
Follow the template in your poetry packet!

46. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

47. SIMILE
A comparison of two things using “like, as than,” or “resembles.”
“She is as beautiful as a sunrise.”

48. METAPHOR A direct comparison of two unlike things
“All the world’s a stage, and we are merely players.”
- William Shakespeare

49. EXTENDED METAPHOR
A metaphor that goes several lines or possible the entire length of a work.

50. IMPLIED METAPHOR The comparison is hinted at but not clearly stated.
“The poison sacs of the town began to manufacture venom, and the town swelled and puffed with the pressure of it.”
from The Pearl
by John Steinbeck

51. Hyperbole
Exaggeration often used for emphasis.

52. Verbal Irony
Understatement - basically the opposite of hyperbole. Often it is ironic.
Ex. Calling a slow moving person “Speedy”

53. Idiom
An expression where the literal meaning of the words is not the meaning of the expression. It means something other than what it actually says.
Ex. It’s raining cats and dogs.

54. PERSONIFICATION
An animal given human-like qualities or an object given life-like qualities.
from “Ninki”
by Shirley Jackson
“Ninki was by this time irritated beyond belief by the general air of incompetence exhibited in the kitchen, and she went into the living room and got Shax, who is extraordinarily lazy and never catches his own chipmunks, but who is, at least, a cat, and preferable, Ninki saw clearly, to a man with a gun.

55. OTHER POETIC DEVICES

56. SYMBOLISM
When a person, place, thing, or event that has meaning in itself also represents, or stands for, something else.
= Innocence
= America
= Peace

57. Allusion
Allusion comes from the verb “allude” which means “to refer to”
An allusion is a reference to something famous.
A tunnel walled and overlaid
With dazzling crystal: we had read
Of rare Aladdin’s wondrous cave,
And to our own his name we gave.
From “Snowbound”
John Greenleaf Whittier

58. IMAGERY Language that appeals to the senses.
Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell.
then with cracked hands that ached
from labor in the weekday weather . . .
from “Those Winter Sundays”

59. Parody
A parody (pron.: /ˈpærədi/; also called spoof, send-up or lampoon), in current use, is an imitative work created to mock, comment on or trivialise an original work, its subject, author, style, or some other target, by means of satiric or ironic imitation.  
Copy and paste the link above for a Pixar intro to parody!