0. Chapter 3 Demand, supply and the market
David Begg, Stanley Fischer and Rudiger Dornbusch, Economics,
8th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2005
PowerPoint presentation by Alex Tackie and Damian Ward

1. Some key terms Market Demand Supply Equilibrium price
a set of arrangements by which buyers and sellers are in contact to exchange goods or services
Demand
the quantity of a good buyers wish to purchase at each conceivable price
Supply
the quantity of a good sellers wish to sell at each conceivable price
Equilibrium price
price at which quantity supplied = quantity demanded
See Sections 3-1 and 3-2 in the main text.

2. Catherine’s Demand Schedule The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity demanded. 17

3. Figure 1 Catherine’s Demand Schedule and Demand Curve (The demand curve is a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.)
Price of
Ice-Cream Cone
$3.00
2.50
1. A decrease
in price
...
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Quantity of 2.
...
increases quantity
of cones demanded.
Ice-Cream Cones
Copyright © South-Western

4. Changes in Quantity Demanded Movement along the demand curve caused by a change in the price of the product.
Price of Ice-Cream Cones
A tax that raises the price of ice-cream cones results in a movement along the demand curve. B
$2.00 A
1.00 D 4 8
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones

5. Market Demand versus Individual Demand
Market demand refers to the sum of all individual demands for a particular good or service.
Graphically, individual demand curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market demand curve.

6. The Demand curve shows the relation between price and quantity demanded holding other things constant
Price
“Other things” include:
the price of related goods
consumer incomes
consumer preferences
Changes in these other things affect the position of the demand curve
See Sections 3-3 and 3-4 in the main text. D
Quantity

7. Prices of related goods and Effect on Demand
Substitute Goods:
coffee for tea; train ride for driving your own auto; coal for natural gas
If Price of coffee increases then Demand for tea increases
Complimentary Goods:
tea and sugar; coffee and milk; gas and car; coal and coal heaters
If Price of gas increases, then Demand for automobiles decreases
See Sections 3-3 and 3-4 in the main text.

8. Effect of Consumer Income on Demand: Normal Goods versus Inferior Goods
For normal goods, demand increases when consumer income increases.
Most goods are normal goods.
Inferior Goods:
For inferior goods, demand decreases when consumer income increases.
Second-hand cars, second-hand clothing, bus rides (versus driving your own auto or cab rides)
See Sections 3-3 and 3-4 in the main text.

9. Ben’s Supply Schedule (The supply schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity supplied.) 29

10. increases quantity of cones supplied.
Figure 5 Ben’s Supply Schedule and Supply Curve (The supply curve is the graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.)
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
$3.00
2.50
1. An
increase
in price
...
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones 2.
...
increases quantity of cones supplied.
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning

11. Market Supply versus Individual Supply
Market supply refers to the sum of all individual supplies for all sellers of a particular good or service.
Graphically, individual supply curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market supply curve.

12. The Supply curve shows the relation between price and quantity supplied holding other things constant
“Other things” include:
technology
input costs
government regulations
Changes in these other things affect the position of the demand curve S
Price
See Sections 3-3 and 3-6 in the main text.
Quantity

13. SUPPLY AND DEMAND TOGETHER
Demand Schedule
Supply Schedule
At $2.00, the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied! 36

14. Market equilibrium (1)  S P0 E0 D0 Q0 Price
Market equilibrium is at E0 where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied Q0 P0 E0 
with price P0 and quantity Q0
See Section 3-2 in the main text.
Quantity

15. Market equilibrium and disequilibrium
If price were below P0 there would be excess demand
consumers wish to purchase more than producers wish to supply S P1 
excess supply D
Price E P0 
If price were above P0 there would be excess supply
producers wish to supply more than consumers wish to purchase P2 
excess demand
See Section 3-3 in the main text. S D Q0
Quantity

16. A shift in demand D0 S D1 Q1 P1 Q0 P0 S If the price of a substitute
good decreases ...
Price D0 S
The demand curve shifts
from D0D0 to D1D1. D1 Q1 P1
less will be demanded at
each price. E0 Q0 P0 E1
See Sections 3-4 and 3-5 in the main text.
So the market moves to a
new equilibrium at E1.
If price stayed at P0 there
would be excess supply. S
Quantity

17. A shift in supply S1 S0 D Q1 P1 E2 P0 E0 D Q0 Suppose safety
The supply curve
shifts to S1S1
Suppose safety
regulations are tightened,
increasing producers’ costs S0 D
Price Q1 P1 E2
So the market moves to a
new equilibrium at E2 P0 E0
If price stayed at P0 there
would be excess demand
See Sections 3-6 and 3-7 in the main text. D Q0
Quantity

18. Two ways in which demand may increase (1)
Price
(1) A movement along the demand curve from A to B
represents consumer reaction to a price change
could follow a supply shift A P0 B P1 Q1
See Box 3-2 in the main text. D Q0
Quantity

19. Two ways in which demand may increase (2)
(2) A movement of the demand curve from D0 to D1
leads to an increase in demand at each price
e.g. at P0 quantity demanded increases from Q0 to Q2: at P1 quantity demanded increases from Q1 to Q3
Price C D1 F Q2 Q3 P0 A P1 B
See Box 3-2 in the main text. D0 Q0 Q1
Quantity

20. A market in disequilibrium
Suppose a disastrous harvest moves the supply curve to SS
government may try to protect the poor, setting a price ceiling at P1
which is below P0, the equilibrium price level
The result is excess demand
Price S D P2 E P0 A B P1
excess demand
You may wish to point out that:
1 Supply is actually reduced as a result of this policy;
2 There is a possible long-run effect on resource allocation arising because the incentives for producers are poor with prices held artificially low;
3 A price ceiling at P2 would be ineffective/irrelevant, given that the market could reach its equilibrium level.
See Section 3-8 in the main text. D S
RATIONING is needed to cope with the resulting excess demand QS Q0 QD
Quantity

21. Price and quantity changes
In practice, we cannot plot ex ante demand curves and supply curves
So we use historical data and the supposition that the observed values are equilibrium ones
Since other things are often not constant, some detective work is required
This is where our theory comes in useful
See Box 3-5 in main text.

22. What, how and for whom The market:
decides how much of a good should be produced
by finding the price at which the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied
tells us for whom the goods are produced
those consumers willing to pay the equilibrium price
determines what goods are being produced
there may be goods for which no consumer is prepared to pay a price at which firms would be willing to supply
See Section 3-9 in the main text.