1. Whither Superconductivity?

2. Superconductivity The Day Before Yesterday – Yesterday – Today - Tomorrow Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg Karl Alexander Mueller “Best wishes, and hang in there, Guys !”

3. Theory & Modeling

4. Bob Laughlin’s “Theory of Everything” (that matters) Where’s spin, Pauli and Darwin? Ya screwed up, Bob…should’a used the many body Dirac equation! Oh yeah, and maybe Maxwell, Boltzman and Gibbs, too…and Newton’s Apple. The crunch comes when  I with i >= 3 -> “thermodynamic limit.” “Size Matters !”

5. “Naked BCS” Where Tc = Critical Temperature  = Boson Characteristic Temperature = Fermion-Boson Coupling Constant  * = Fermion-Fermion Repulsion a = “Gap Parameter, ~ 1-3”

6. “Put-on !” Mike Norman, Alexandria, VA 2006

7. Really High-Tc ~10 9 K

8. Electron-Phonon Coupling a la Migdal-Eliashberg-McMillan (plus Allen & Dynes) First compute this via DFT… Then this… Quantum-Espresso (Democritos-ISSA-CNR) http://www.pwscf.orghttp://www.pwscf.org Grazie!

9. Electrons Holes Polysulfur Nitride: The World’s First 330 Degree Superconductor ! Legal Disclaimer: The Temperature Units are Millikelvin.

10. So… Now we can compute the sc phase diagram of Al, Nb, MgB 2, etc., as accurately as can be measured. Then has phonon-mediated superconductivity in s-p (light elements…some not so light) systems become “solved science?” Maybe…ask Warren Pickett. Unresolved: ultra-strong and flux dynamics.

11. What to do next? Develop DFT algorithms to compute “exotic” pairing mechanisms, analogous to e-p. Especially polarization (“exciton”) and magnetic (“all flavors,” particularly “negative-U”). Marvin ?

12. Materials & Methods

13. Guidance from Our Elders “Don’t listen to theoreticians” (B. Matthias, ca. 1970s). “To make a long story short, searches for high- temperature superconductors, especially with the existing obscurities in the area of theory, may lead to unexpected results and discoveries” (V. L. Ginzburg, 1984). “At the extreme forefront of research in superconductivity is the empirical search for new materials” (M. R. Beasley (1983), as communicated by K. A. Mueller and J. G. Bednorz, (1986)). “If you find an old metal laying around in the literature, try cooling it down,” (P. M. Grant, 1976).

14. Exactly What is a “Superconductor?” Does it have to be a “perfect conductor?” –i.e., zero TAFF Does it have to exclude flux (Meissner)? Or does it only need to be a “real good conductor (“ultraconductor”)?” –200x  Cu @ 300 K @ 1000 Hz Ballistic CNTs Sliding P-F CDWs Charged Solitons ???

15. Materials Pathways Light Elements Heavy Elements Many Elements All Elements COMBINATORIAL !

16. Heat ‘em ‘n’ Beat ‘emGet Wet Superconductor Sandwiches “Togo” Squeeze Play Fabrication

17. NanoMachining

18. “Magic Carpet”

19. Applications

20. Low-Tc Today Quantum Computing

21. Electronics “A room temperature device !”

22. Wire Major Players: US, Japan, China

23. Wire Performance

24. Rotating Machinery Courtesy AMSC Major Players: AMSC SEI

25. Cables

26. 2005 Utility Specifications Desired for SC UGD Cable (1) Cable shall be rated for 5000 amps continuous and nominal 13.8 kV application. Cable shall be 15kV class and have 110kV BIL insulation. Cable conductor shall have superconducting properties when the temperature, magnetic field strength and current flux densities so warrant. When these same parameters drive the conductor outside of the superconducting range the conductor shall have the properties of a non conductor (insulator).

27. 2005 Utility Specifications Desired for SC UGD Cable (2) Cable shall maintain superconductivity up to a minimum of 60  C ambient external sheath temperature when operated at rated current and 15kV L-L. Cable shall have physical characteristics such as to permit its being pulled into existing Company ducts. (tensile strength, diameter, bending radius, coefficient of friction, etc.) Cable system conductor shall be capable of being connected to both itself and non- superconducting materials (copper and aluminum) using crimp type connectors.

29. “You can’t always get what you want…”

30. “…you get what you need!”

31. Where there is no vision, the people perish… Proverbs 29:18