1. Attributes Programming in C# Attributes CSE 494R (proposed course for 459 Programming in C#) Prof. Roger Crawfis

2. Attributes Many systems have a need to decorate code with additional information. Traditional solutions Add keywords or pragma’s to language Use external files, e.g.,.IDL,.DEF C# solution: Attributes Metadata – descriptive elements that decorate types and members (assembly, module, type, member, return value and parameter).

3. Attributes are classes; they inherit from System.Attribute Attach an attribute to a class, type, etc. Attributes - Example class HelpUrlAttribute : System.Attribute { public HelpUrlAttribute(string url) { … } … } [HelpUrl(“http://SomeUrl/APIDocs/SomeClass”)] class SomeClass { … }

4. Attributes - Example Attributes can be queried at runtime by reflection: Type type = typeof(MyClass); foreach (object attr in type.GetCustomAttributes()) { if (attr is HelpUrlAttribute) { HelpUrlAttribute help = (HelpUrlAttribute) attr; myBrowser.Navigate(help.Url); }

5. Uses of Attributes in.Net Provide custom additions to metadata for managed types Support serialization Support debugging and tracing Set COM+ attributes Activation, queuing, security, events, contexts, object pooling, synchronization, transactions Support creation of COM objects Support creation of.Net controls Support creation of Web Services Create ATL Server code – essentially builds ISAPI filters Implement performance counters Implement OLEDB consumers

6. Kinds of Attributes Custom attributes Add entries to metadata but are not used by run-time Distinguished custom attributes These attributes have data stored in the assembly next to the items to which it applies. OneWay is a distinguished custom attribute that affects marshaling by the run-time Pseudo custom attributes Changes, does not extend existing metadata Serializable is a pseudo custom attribute. It sets or resets the metadata flag tdSerializable

7. Defining Custom Attributes Create a class marked with the AttributeUsage attribute [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.All, AllowMultiple=true)] class myAttribute : System.Attribute { … } Targets include: Assembly, Class, Delegate, Event, Field, Method, …, All The attribute class provides a constructor some state, and properties to retrieve the state. The state is stored in the metadata of the assembly that implements the attributed target. It is retrieved using the Reflection API.

8. Attributes are classes; they inherit from System.Attribute Attach an attribute to a class, type, etc. Attributes - Example class HelpUrlAttribute : System.Attribute { public HelpUrlAttribute(string url) { … } … } [HelpUrl(“http://SomeUrl/APIDocs/SomeClass”)] class SomeClass { … } Note, it is allowed and customary to remove the Attribute suffix from the type name.

9. Provided Attributes in.Net [CLSCompliant(true)]- class fails to compile if not compliant [Conditional(“Debug”)]- won’t get called unless Debug defined [Assembly: AssemblyTitle(“…”)]- assembly descriptions [Assembly: AssemblyVersion(“1.2”)] [DllImport(“kernel32.dll”)]- accessing unmanaged global function public static extern int Beep(int freq, int dur); [Serializable()]- enabling serialization public class myClass { … } [OneWay()]- marshal only to remote object public void myFunc(string msg) { … } [Synchronization()]- allow access by one thread at a time class SomeClass : ContextBoundObject { … } [Obsolete()]- generates a compiler error when used

10. Design-Time and Security Attributes Attributes used with user defined controls [Category(“Custom Properties”)]- makes property page category [DefaultEvent(myEvent)]- double click on control to wire up [Description(“myPropertDesc”)]- description shown when selected [ToolBoxBitmap(“myBitMap.bmp”)] – defines bitmap used in toolbox Declarative security settings [FileIOPermission(SecurityAction.Deny, Read=@”c:\Windows\System32”)] public in ReadFile(string path) { … }

11. Preprocessor Directives C# provides preprocessor directives that serve a number of functions Unlike C++, there is not a separate preprocessor The “preprocessor” name is preserved only for consistency with C++ Some C++ preprocessor features removed: #include : Not needed Macro version of #define : removed for clarity

12. Preprocessor Directives

13. #define Debug public class Debug { [Conditional("Debug")] public static void Assert(bool condition, String msg) { if (!condition) { throw new AssertionException(msg); } void DoSomething() {... // If Debug is not defined, the next line is // not even called Assert((x == y), “X should equal Y”);... } Conditional Compilation

14. Attributes Programming in C# Attributes CSE 494R (proposed course for 459 Programming in C#) Prof. Roger Crawfis