1. Managing Information Systems Information Systems Security and Control Part 1 Dr. Stephania Loizidou Himona ACSC 345

2. Dr. S. Loizidou - ACSC3452 Objectives  Demonstrate the differences in vulnerability between traditional systems and Information Systems  Demonstrate the impact of Information System vulnerability  Demonstrate why Information Systems are vulnerable

3. Dr. S. Loizidou - ACSC3453 Protecting Information Systems  Information Systems are now very important within organisations  Disabling or corrupting these Information Systems can lead to significant loss –Financial impact –Loss of life / health and safety issues

4. Dr. S. Loizidou - ACSC3454 On-line Auction Site 8 Hour Downtime Type of Loss Value Direct revenue loss $341,652 Compensatory loss $943,521 Depreciation costs $6,279 Lost future revenues $1,024,95 5 Worker downtime loss $46,097 Contract labour loss $52,180 Delay-to-market loss $358,734 Total $2,773,41 8 Technology Spotlight: The Financial Impact of Site Outages. The Industry Standard, 1999

5. Dr. S. Loizidou - ACSC3455 Vulnerability  Why are Information Systems more vulnerable than paper-based systems?

6. Dr. S. Loizidou - ACSC3456 Vulnerability  Paper-based systems –Documents / data stored in filing cabinets –Secured by physical access  Information systems: –Data stored electronically –Logical, rather than physical, access

7. Dr. S. Loizidou - ACSC3457 Vulnerability  Information Systems open to more vulnerabilities than paper-based systems

8. Dr. S. Loizidou - ACSC3458 Security  What examples of threats to Information Systems can you think of?

9. Dr. S. Loizidou - ACSC3459 Malicious Intent  Hackers –Person who gains unauthorised access to a system for profit, criminal purpose or pleasure –Trojan horse  Program that has hidden, secondary purpose –Denial of service  Overwhelm server with requests to disable  (Partially) countered by security procedures

10. Dr. S. Loizidou - ACSC34510 Malicious Intent  Viruses –Software that is difficult to detect, spreads rapidly, destroys data, processing and memory –Logic bomb  Timed virus  (Partially) countered by anti-virus software

11. Dr. S. Loizidou - ACSC34511 Malicious Intent?  The vulnerability of Information Systems is not just restricted to external security threats

12. Dr. S. Loizidou - ACSC34512 Vulnerability  What other types of vulnerability do Information Systems have?

13. Dr. S. Loizidou - ACSC34513 Vulnerability  Threats: –Hardware failure (disk crash, Pentium bug) –Software failure (bugs, design flaws) –Personal actions (accidental, malicious) –Terminal access penetration (hacking) –Theft of data, services or equipment (virus)

14. Dr. S. Loizidou - ACSC34514 Vulnerability  Threats: –Fire (also true of paper-based systems) –Electrical problems (downtime) –User errors (wrong data) –Program changes (upgrades, assumptions) –Telecommunications (Internet, wireless)

15. Dr. S. Loizidou - ACSC34515 Concerns  Disaster: –Hardware, software, data destroyed by fire, flood, power failures, etc. –Software and data may not be replaceable –Significant (financial) loss  Backup, fault tolerance  Disaster recovery planning –Standby sites, equipment, personnel

16. Dr. S. Loizidou - ACSC34516 Concerns  Security –Policies, procedures, technical measures –Prevent unauthorised access, theft, damage  Errors –Software bugs can cause significant loss –Financial: rounding errors? –Life: missile systems

17. Dr. S. Loizidou - ACSC34517 Data Quality  Data quality problems: –Data preparation –Conversion –Input –Form completion –On-line data entry –Keypunching –Scanning –Validation –Processing –File maintenance –Output –Transmission –Distribution

18. Dr. S. Loizidou - ACSC34518 Software Quality  What types of problems may a software system have?

19. Dr. S. Loizidou - ACSC34519 Software Quality  Software problems –Bugs –Defects (wrong requirements) –Misinterpretation of requirements –Incorrect assumptions

20. Dr. S. Loizidou - ACSC34520 Software Quality  The more complex a system is, the less likely it is to be bug free  Impractical to test all paths of complex code –Difficult to test –Too much time required  Total Quality Management –Can only improve quality, not eliminate bugs –Uncertain what bugs remain and their impact

21. Dr. S. Loizidou - ACSC34521 Maintenance  Maintenance of software systems should be built into the design  Maintenance is the most expensive phase of a system –Complexity –Associated organisational changes –(Regression) testing overheads  More expensive to fix bugs as implementation proceeds