1. USING LAYOUT TOOLS 8 th Grade Shop Skills

2. System of Measurement English – standard measurement in the United States, now called U.S. Customary System –Uses, inch, foot, yard, rod and mile as units –12 inches in a foot –3 feet in a yard –16 ½ feet in a rod –5,280 foot in a mile

3. System of Measurement Metric System – used for scientific work in the United States –Measurements are based on the meter –1 Meter = 100 centimeters (cm) –1 Meter = 1,000 millimeters (mm) –1000 Meters = a Kilometer (km) Units are in multiples of 10

4. Inch as a Unit of Measurement Traditional unit for woodworking and metalworking Some fine rules or scales have 32 marks per inch. Most rules have 16 marks per inch with each mark equaling 1/16 of an inch.

6. How To Read a Ruler Identify how many marks there are to an inch. Measure item and count how many marks past a whole number. Reduce to least common denominator

7. Reading a Ruler How many marks are there to an inch on this ruler? –16

8. Reading a Ruler Locate the marks for 1”, 2”, 3” and 4” Inch marks are the longest, usually the number is located under or to one side of the line.

9. Reading a Ruler Look at the lengths of the lines to determine measurement. –The longest line is for a whole number 1 –Next longest line is for 1 /2 –Next longest line is for 1 / 4 and 3 / 4 –Next longest line is for 1 / 8, 3 / 8, 5 / 8 and 7 / 8 –Remaining lines are 1/16, 3/16, 5/16, 7/16, 9/19, 11/16, 13/16, 15/16

10. Make Your Own Ruler On the strip of paper given to you, write 0 on one end and 1 on the other. Fold in half and draw line on the crease, write 1 / 2 at the crease. Fold in half again. The creases created are 1 / 4 and 3 /4 Fold in half again to get 1, 3, 5, 7 /8 th Fold in half again to get 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15, 16ths

11. Reading A Ruler The Letter A represents what measurement? –1”

12. Reading A Ruler The Letter B represents what measurement? –1 7/16”

13. Reading A Ruler The Letter C represents what measurement? 1 14/16” or 1 7/8”

14. Reading A Ruler The Letter D represents what measurement? 2 11/16”

15. Reading A Ruler The Letter E represents what measurement? 3 1/16”

16. Reading A Ruler The Letter F represents what measurement? 3 5/16”

17. ONLINE PRACTICE http://www.rickyspears.com/rulergame/ http://www.funbrain.com/measure/index.ht mlhttp://www.funbrain.com/measure/index.ht ml

18. Working With Fractions What is a fraction? –It is a portion of a whole –They have a numerator (Top Number) –And a denominator (Bottom Number) –1 / 2 would mean 1 part of 2

19. Working With Fractions Online http://www.visualfractions.com/EnterFracti on.htmlhttp://www.visualfractions.com/EnterFracti on.html

20. Adding Fractions With common (same) denominators –Add nominator –Denominators stay the same ¼ + ¾ = 4/4 3/8 + 5/8 = 8/8 3/16 + 7/16 = 10/16

21. Adding Common Denominators 1 / 4 + 1 / 4 = 2 / 4 3 / 4 + 3 / 4 = 6 / 4 1 / 8 + 3 / 8 = 4 / 8 5 / 8 + 7 / 8 = 12 / 8 1 / 8 + 5 / 8 = 6 / 8 3 / 16 + 3 / 16 = 6 / 16 1 / 16 + 5 / 16 = 6 / 16 7 / 16 + 5 / 16 = 12 / 16

22. Adding Fractions Online Add Fractions With Like Denominators using CirclesAdd Fractions With Like Denominators using Circles

23. Adding Fractions With uncommon (different) denominators –One or both fractions will need to changed so both will have a common denominator 3/8 + 3/16 –First change 3/8 to 6/16 by multiplying both the numerator and denominator by 2 6/16 + 3/16 = 9/16

24. Adding Uncommon Denominators 1 / 2 + 1 / 4 = 3 / 4 1 / 2 + 1 / 8 = 5 / 8 1 / 2 + 1 / 16 = 9 / 16 1 / 4 + 1 / 8 = 3 / 8 1 / 4 + 1 / 16 = 5 / 16 1 / 8 + 1 / 16 = 3 / 16 3 / 16 + 1 / 2 = 11 / 16 5 / 16 + 3 / 8 = 11 / 16

25. Adding Uncommon Denominators http://www.visualfractions.com/AddUnlike Circle.htmlhttp://www.visualfractions.com/AddUnlike Circle.html

26. Reducing Fractions Reduce fractions to their least common denominator. Divide the numerator and denominator by the same number so both are whole numbers. 4 / 8 = 1 / 2 (both 4 & 8 can be divide by 2) 5 / 8 = 5 / 8 (cannot be divide and remain a whole number)

27. Reducing Fractions 2 / 16 = 1 / 8 4 / 16 = 2 / 8 = 1 / 4 6 / 16 = 3 / 8 8 / 16 = 4 / 8 = 1 / 2 10 / 16 = 5 / 8 12 / 16 = 6 / 8 = 3 / 4 14 / 16 = 7 / 8 16 / 16 = 1

28. Reducing Fractions http://www.visualfractions.com/LowestCirc le.htmlhttp://www.visualfractions.com/LowestCirc le.html http://www.learningplanet.com/sam/ff/inde x.asphttp://www.learningplanet.com/sam/ff/inde x.asp

29. Adding Compound 1 st Method –Convert the whole numbers to fractions and add like or common denominators 1 3 / 8 + 2 5 / 8 = 11 / 8 + 21 / 8 = 32 / 8 = 4

30. Adding Compound Fractions 2 st Method –Add the fractions together then add the whole numbers to the fraction 1 3 / 8 + 2 5 / 8 = 3 / 8 + 5 / 8 = 8 / 8 = 1 1 + 1 + 2 = 4

31. Adding Compound Fractions http://www.visualfractions.com/AddStrictCi rcle.htmlhttp://www.visualfractions.com/AddStrictCi rcle.html

32. Subtracting Fractions With common (same) denominators –Subtract nominator –Denominators stay the same 3/4 - 1/4 = 2/4 5/8 - 3/8 = 2/8 7/16 - 3/16 = 4/16

33. Subtracting Common Denominators 1 / 4 - 1 / 4 = 0 / 4 3 / 4 - 3 / 4 = 0 / 4 3 / 8 - 1 / 8 = 2 / 8 7 / 8 - 5 / 8 = 2 / 8 5 / 8 - 1 / 8 = 4 / 8 3 / 16 - 3 / 16 = 0/ 16 5 / 16 -1 / 16 = 4/ 16 7 / 16 - 5 / 16 = 2 / 16

34. Subtracting Fractions Online

35. Subtracting Fractions With uncommon (different) denominators –One or both fractions will need to changed so both will have a common denominator 3/8 - 3/16 –First change 3/8 to 6/16 by multiplying both the numerator and denominator by 2 6/16 - 3/16 = 3/16

36. Subtracting Uncommon Denominators 1 / 2 - 1 / 4 = 1 / 4 1 / 2 - 1 / 8 = 3 / 8 1 / 2 - 1 / 16 = 7 / 16 1 / 4 - 1 / 8 = 1 / 8 1 / 4 - 1 / 16 = 3 / 16 1 / 8 - 1 / 16 = 1 / 16 1 / 2 - 3 / 16 = 5 / 16 3 / 8 - 5 / 16 = 1/ 16

37. Subtracting Uncommon Denominators

38. Subtracting Compound Fractions 1 st Method –Convert the whole numbers to fractions and subtract like or common denominators 2 5 / 8 - 1 3 / 8 = 21 / 8 - 11 / 8 = 10 / 8 = 1 2/8 1 1/4

39. Subtracting Compound Fractions 2 st Method –Subtract the fractions then subtract the whole numbers then add results together –2 5 / 8 - 1 3 / 8 = 5 / 8 - 3 / 8 = 2 / 8 2 – 1 = 1 1 + 2 / 8 = 1 2 / 8 or 1 1/4